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    The microbiome in infant gut health and development
    (Elsevier, 2024) Alipour, Zahra; Duman, Hatice; Lee, Joseph; Karav, Sercan; Frese, Steven
    This review investigates the gut microbiome’s impact on the immune system’s development early in life. Various factors influence the gut microbiome, including maternal factors, feeding method, gestation age, and environmental factors such as antibiotic exposure. A dysfunctional gut microbiome is characterized by a higher abundance of Proteobacteria and a lower abundance of bifidobacteria, associated with a higher incidence of inflammation followed by elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. The presence of some beneficial microbes, such as Bifidobacterium longum subs. infantis, in particular, which is highly adapted to the infant’s gut environment, and human milk oligosaccharides, has shown promising advantages to infants’ health. Reduced inflammatory markers, enhanced immune system development, and possibly a lowered chance of developing an autoimmune disease are the beneficial effects of early colonization with Bifidobacterium infantis. Modern lifestyles have potentially reduced the prevalence of bifidobacteria, particularly B. infantis, in infants’ guts, associated with an increased risk of developing life-threatening complications such as asthma, allergies, and autoimmune disease. Changes in modern lifestyle factors, such as childbirth and feeding practices, gestational age, and antibiotic use, have reduced the prevalence of B. infantis in young children. Reintroducing B. infantis to breast-fed infants is possible, however. Providing B. infantis during breastfeeding reduced inflammatory markers and mortality among preterm infants. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.