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    Assessing spinel zinc ferrite nanoparticles in aquatic ecosystems: Toxic threat or beneficial detoxifier for aquatic life?
    (Elsevier B.V., 2025) Ertürk Gürkan, Selin; Gürkan, Mert; Yanık, Ece Büşra; Kutlu, Elif; Sarıtunç, Volkan; Güneş, Berkay; İbiş, Ezgi Can
    The effectiveness of magnetic nanoparticles in removing pollutants during water treatment is well established, but their introduction into aquatic ecosystems raises significant toxicity concerns. This study investigates the histological and physiological effects of zinc ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4−MNPs) on the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and examines the impact of concurrent exposure to these nanoparticles and the insecticide thiomethoxam (TMX). Mussels were exposed to nominal concentrations of ZnFe2O4−MNPs (1, 10, 100 mg/L) both individually and with TMX. Physiological assessments included measuring antioxidant enzyme levels (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase) and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde). Results showed that ZnFe2O4−MNPs increased antioxidant activity but also caused dose-dependent pathological changes. In contrast, combined exposure with TMX significantly (p < 0.05) reduced antioxidant defenses, indicated by lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, suggesting oxidative stress and potential cellular damage. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive toxicity assessments of nanoparticles in aquatic environments and advocate for their complete removal from water sources post-treatment. Further research is crucial to define the toxicity profiles of spinel ferrites to ensure their safe application in environmental remediation.
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    Dual and multiple exposures to metal oxide nanomaterials: Unveiling histological and oxidative stress dynamics in Mytilus galloprovincialis
    (Elsevier B.V., 2025) Ertürk Gürkan, Selin; Gürkan, Mert; Kutlu, Elif; Yanik, Ece Büşra; Saritunç, Volkan; Güneş, Berkay
    Due to their increasing industrial applications, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as significant environmental pollutants with potential ecotoxicological effects on aquatic organisms. This study evaluated the acute effects of binary and ternary mixtures of ZnFe?O? (10 mg/L), SiO? (10 mg/L), and NiO (100 mg/L) NPs on Mytilus galloprovincialis. Following 96-hour exposures, oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, CAT, GST, MDA) and histopathological alterations were assessed in gill and digestive gland tissues. Notably, the ternary mixture induced significant elevations in MDA levels. Among binary combinations, SiO?–NiO NPs enhanced antioxidant responses, whereas NiO–ZnFe?O? NPs caused pronounced tissue damage. The results underscore that NPs in the environment may not act independently but rather interact additively or synergistically, thereby amplifying their toxic potential. These findings highlight the need to consider mixture effects in ecotoxicological risk assessments, reflecting the complex and multicomponent nature of nanoparticle pollution in real-world aquatic environments. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.