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Öğe Bioaccumulation monitoring of chemical contaminants in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from the southern coast of the Marmara Sea, Turkey(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Colakoglu, Serhat; Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Colakoglu, FatmaMytilus galloprovincialis, the Mediterranean mussel, is an important shellfish species that constitutes the majority of production and consumption among bivalve mollusks in Turkey. Since shellfish can accumulate toxic chemicals from seawater, it is important to monitor bioaccumulation from their natural beds. For this reason, in this study, the aim was to monitor the levels of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and toxic metals (Pb, Cd, and Hg) in M. galloprovincialis collected from the southern coast of the Marmara Sea from 2014 to 2017. According to the results, the maximum levels of dioxins, PAHs, and toxic metals during the monitoring period were determined as 0.30 pg/g, 2.52 mg/kg, and 0.43-0.34-0.76 (Pb-Cd-Hg) mg/kg, respectively. Dioxin, PAHs, and toxic metal amounts in mussel samples were determined to be below the threshold levels enforced by the European Commission. The highest benzo(a)pyrene and total PAHs were determined in winter 2015, while toxic metals, dioxins, and dioxin-like PCBs (WHO/PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ) were higher in autumn 2014 than the rest of the sampling period. In conclusion, toxic chemicals monitored in M. galloprovincialis were found at low concentrations from the point of view of food safety. However, monitoring of these or other toxic chemicals should be repetitively performed in the future to ensure food safety in aquatic animals.Öğe Chemical and Microbiological Quality of the Chamelea gallina from the Southern Coast of the Marmara Sea in Turkey(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2010) Colakoglu, Fatma Arik; Ormanci, Hasan Basri; Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Colakoglu, SerhatThe aim of this work was to analyze Chamelea gallina harvested in the Sea of Southern Marmara in terms of heavy metal, biotoxin, and microbiological contents. Samples were collected seasonally from five stations which were determined to be their natural habitats in the between February 2008 and January 2009. Heavy metal contents of the samples revealed statistically significant (P<0.05) differences between seasons and stations. In two stations, Pb and Zn content of the clams were determined to exceed legal limits imposed by Turkish Fisheries Regulation and EC Shellfish Hygiene Directive (91/492/EEC). Biotoxin was not detected in any sample analyzed and the counts of Escherichia coli and fecal coliform bacteria of the samples were lower than the legal limits. Salmonella spp. was not detected in the sampling stations, whereas Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated in two stations. In conclusion, clams harvested in the southern Marmara Sea, excluding Gelibolu and Karabiga stations, were found suitable for human consumption.Öğe Chemical and Nutritional Characteristics of Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788); A Seasonally Comparative Study(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2019) Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Colakoglu, Fatma ArikSea cucumbers belonging to the Holothuroidea class are a group of worm-like and soft-bodied echinoderms that live in nearly all marine environments. Mediterranean Holothuria tubulosa is an economic sea cucumber species found in Turkish seas. This study aimed to present the first report of detailed amino acid profile and investigate the biochemical and nutritional characteristics of H. tubulosa seasonally collected from one of the densest natural beds, located at canakkale Strait (Southern Coast of Marmara Sea), Turkey. According to our results, the highest protein, lipid, and ash contents (%) were found to be 10.2, 1.9, and 5.1, respectively. The highest percentages of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 42.9, 28.3, and 37.8, respectively. Total amino acids (mg/g crude protein) ranged between 867.2 and 974.0 among all seasons. All essential amino acids were found in body wall tissues and ranged between 7.1 and 5.9. Mineral composition was found to be desirable at the recommended and threshold levels. In general, the proximate composition of H. tubulosa was directly affected by seasons (p < .05); however, amino acid, fatty acid, and mineral compositions were found to be similar among all seasons, except summer (p > .05).Öğe Comparative analysis of the efficiency of different commercial depuration systems and the evaluation of species-specific depuration conditions in bivalve mollusc production(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Kunili, Ibrahim EnderThis study assesses and compares the efficiency of three commercial depuration systems for live bivalve mollusc production. Ruditapes philippinarum (Rp), Ruditapes decussatus (Rd), Donax trunculus (Dt), and Venus verrucosa (Vv) were used as research materials to evaluate full open (FO), semi-closed (SC), and closed cycle (CC) systems. Results reveal a logarithmic decrease in Escherichia coli levels during the initial six hours across all species. Rd achieved full depuration after 12 hours in the CC system and 24 hours in the FO system; Vv required 18 hours, while others needed up to 24 hours. At the 4600 MPN/100 g level, the CC system fortified by an ozone generator showed the most efficient depuration with the following results: 18 hours for Rp and Vv, 24 hours for Rd, and 36 hours for Dt. The SC system prolonged depuration times for all species. Species-specific filtration behaviour emerged as a crucial factor during contamination and depuration rates. Statistical analysis highlighted pH, dissolved oxygen, and salinity as key parameters influencing depuration efficiency, with temperature showing lesser significance compared to other variables for effective species-specific system design. This study focuses on identifying the parameters affecting the depuration characteristics of different bivalve species and commercial systems, and predicting the effects of potential changes. The findings are expected not only to enhance scientific understanding in this field but also to contribute to the system designs and adaptation of existing businesses to various conditions.Öğe Depuration Times of Donax trunculus and Tapes decussatus(Springer, 2014) Colakolu, Fatma Arik; Cardak, Mine; Colakoglu, Serhat; Kunili, Ibrahim EnderThe present study was performed to determine the depuration time and ability of Donax trunculus (Wedge Clam) and Tapes decussatus (Carpet Shell) contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Clams were contaminated with each bacterium at the level of 7.0-8.0 Log(10) cfu/g. After contamination, clams were analyzed every 3 h in the first 24 h time period and every 6 h until the 72nd hour. During the depuration process of both clams, the level of bacteria decreased quickly to 40% of initial load in the first 12 h. The results of this study indicate that the depuration time of carpet shells for all bacteria is 66 h. The depuration process of the wedge clam was different from the carpet shell; S. typhimurium and E. coli can be depurated in 66 and 78 h, respectively, while V. parahaemolyticus was present after 72 h at the level of 1.7 Log(10) cfu/g.Öğe Effects of morphometric and biochemical parameters on collagen and pepsin-solubilized collagen yields of Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1790) and Holothuria (Roweothuria) poli (Delle Chiaje, 1823)(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2022) Kunili, Ibrahim EnderDue to their unique biochemical composition, sea cucumbers are highly prized marine echinoderm species. One of their most important properties is that they contain a high amount of collagen in their body wall. In this study, the relationship between collagen and pepsin-solubilized collagen yields from Holothuria tubulosa and Holothuria poli and morphometric and biochemical parameters were investigated. Collagen yields were in the range of 10.63-16.04% for H. tubulosa and 7.12-13.10% for H. poli. It was determined that they may be related to length, body wall weight, and biochemical composition at different length frequencies. Moreover, maturity may have a direct effect on the yield, as mature specimens were found to have lower content of collagen, whereas immature small specimens contained a higher percentage of collagen. It was found that with increasing pepsin concentration, the PSC yield increased to 1.83-1.89% in H. tubulosa and H. poli, respectively. It was determined that collagen from smaller individuals, which contained more moisture and ash, was likely more susceptible to pepsin hydrolyzation. This is the first published study demonstrating that collagen yield of sea cucumbers can vary with length, weight, maturity, and biochemical composition, in addition to species-specific differences.Öğe Evaluation of the health of Mediterranean mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) distributed in the Çanakkale strait, Turkey(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Gurkan, Mert; Gurkan, Selin Erturk; Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Acar, Secil; Ozel, Osman Tolga; Duzgunes, Zehra Duygu; Ture, MustafaThe observation of mortality in Mediterranean mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) distributed in the & Ccedil;anakkale Strait in recent years was influential in developing the research question for this study. In this study, the presence of bacteria ( Vibrio spp.) and parasites ( Marteilia spp. and Haplosporidium spp.) in mussels collected from Kumkale, Kepez, and Umurbey stations in the & Ccedil;anakkale Strait was investigated seasonally. Microbiological findings, histopathology, oxidative stress enzymes and their gene expressions, lipid peroxidation, lysosomal membrane stability, and changes in haemolymph were examined. In summer samples, both the defence system and the extent of damage were higher in gill tissue. In winter samples, enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation were found to be predominantly higher in digestive gland tissues. Histological examinations and Hemacolor staining revealed the presence of protozoan cysts, and for bacterial examination, molecular analysis performed after culturing revealed the presence of 7 Vibrio species. While the total numbers of heterotrophic bacteria detected in all samples were at acceptable levels, the predominance of Vibrio spp. numbers among the total heterotrophic bacteria detected in almost all samples were noteworthy. The total hemocyte count was calculated as 5.810(4) +/- 0.58 (cells/mm 3 ) in winter and 7.210(4) +/- 1.03 (cells/mm 3 ) in summer. These factors are considered to be possible causes of mussel mortality.Öğe Mass mortality in endangered fan mussels Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus 1758) caused by co-infection of Haplosporidium pinnae and multiple Vibrio infection in canakkale Strait, Turkey(Taylor and Francis, 2021) Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Erturk Gurkan, Selin; Aksu, Ata; Turgay, Emre; Cakir, Fikret; Gurkan, Mert; Altinagac, UgurPurpose: Pinna nobilis (fan mussel) is one of the most important endemic bivalve molluscs in the Mediterranean and mass mortality events were observed in these mussels in recent years. In this study, we report mass mortalities caused by Haplosporidium pinnae, which has been spreading in the Mediterranean for 3 years, and reached the C¸anakkale Strait, which is the entrance of the Marmara and the Black Sea. Material and methods: Field observations during sampling and subsequent histopathological, biochemical, genetic, and microbiological analyses were carried out. Results: These analyses showed that H. pinnae infection spread among the natural beds of P. nobilis, causing severe tissue damage and oxidative stress. Our phylogenetic analyses suggested that the parasite spread through the Mediterranean much faster than thought. The results showed that vibriosis originating from Vibrio coralliilyticus, Vibrio tubiashii, Vibrio mediterranei, and Vibrio hispanicus, acted together with H. pinnae in infected individuals and caused death. Conclusion: It is highly probable that the spread of H. pinnae to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea may occur earlier than expected, and it was concluded that mass deaths were caused by co-infection with H. pinnae and a geographically specific marine pathogen that can infect P. nobilis populations.Öğe Pathological and oxidative stress responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis to Vibrio mediterranei infection: An in vivo challenge(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Ter, Ummugulsum; Gurkan, Selin Erturk; Gurkan, Mert; Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Aksoy, EmircanSince the identification of Vibrio mediterranei as a causative agent in mass mortalities of pen shells across the Mediterranean, elucidating its pathogenicity, virulence, and interactions with other bivalves has gained importance. While the cellular and immune responses of bivalves to various Vibrio species have been extensively studied, the infectious characteristics of this Vibrio species, particularly in the context of pen shell outbreaks, remain unclear for other bivalves. Therefore, to evaluate its pathogenicity, we investigated the histological and oxidative effects on the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), a key species in aquaculture. Two distinct infection setups were established: one involving the inoculation of seawater with the bacterial isolate and another involving direct injection of the bacteria into the mussels. After a 24-h exposure period, histological evaluations were conducted on the mantle, gill, and digestive gland tissues of the mussels. Additionally, measurements of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation levels were performed in the gill and digestive gland tissues. Oxidative responses were significantly elevated in both infection setups compared to the control group, with the directly injected samples exhibiting the highest oxidative responses (p < 0.05). Histological findings indicated that tissue-specific responses to host-pathogen interactions were consistent under both infection conditions. Notable observations included intense hemocytic infiltration in tissues, epithelial hyperplasia, and vacuolization in the gills, as well as focal necrotic areas in the digestive gland. The findings of this study indicate that V. mediterranei, a relatively novel pathogen, can provoke significant acute immune responses and tissue-level reactions in M. galloprovincialis, a species that is both widely distributed and vital to the food chain. These insights into the potential susceptibility of mussels underscore the need for further comprehensive research and inform the development of effective management strategies.Öğe Profiling the effects of starter cultures on biochemical compounds in fermented fish sauces and their relationships with sensory perceptions(Wiley, 2024) Dinc, Selin Ozge; Colakoglu, Fatma; Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Ormanci, Hasan BasriIn this study, the effect of Lactiplantibacillus (L.) plantarum XL23 (Lp) and Saccharomyces (S.) cerevisiae RC212 (Sc) on flavour formation in fermented fish sauce production was investigated. The levels of, and relationship between, non-volatile and volatile compounds responsible for taste and aroma were determined in fish sauce samples. Regarding non-volatiles, the results showed that free amino acids and organic acids were significantly higher in Lp and Lp + Sc compared to traditional fish sauce. In fatty acids, there was an irregular distribution between the groups. In terms of volatile compounds, L. plantarum supported the presence of acidic compounds (1413.31 ng mL(-1)), while S. cerevisiae supported the presence of alcoholic compounds at high levels (3891.56 ng mL(-1)). Significant correlations between components proved the accuracy of analytical and sensory analyses and demonstrated the reliability of multi-replicate statistical interactions. The results indicated that inoculation with starter cultures changed the taste and aroma in favour of the strains.Öğe Proximate and Elemental Composition of Chamelea gallina from the Southern Coast of the Marmara Sea (Turkey)(Humana Press Inc, 2011) Colakoglu, Fatma Arik; Ormanci, Hasan Basri; Berik, Nermin; Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Colakoglu, SerhatThe venerid clam Chamelea gallina is a popular and economic foodstuff around the Mediterranean countries especially in Italy, Spain, and France. The aim of this study is to evaluate the nutritional quality of striped venus of Southern Marmara. Samples were harvested seasonally at five stations and analyzed to determine meat yield, proximate, and elemental composition. According to the results, meat yield ranged from 20.24% to 29.94%. Means of water, protein, lipid, and ash content were 67%, 10.12%, 2.57%, and 1.66%, respectively. The mean concentrations (mg/kg wet weight) of elements in tissues are as follows: B: 2.37-4.24; Cr: 0-0.76; Co: 0-0.43; Cu: 0.71-5.30; Mn: 0.30-5.94; Zn: 13.08-77.76; Ni: 0-1.22; Fe: 2.46-114.22; Al: 1.23-75.49; Pb: 0.18-3.24; Ba: 0.66-15.97; Cd: 0.04-0.69. Among the reported metal levels, only Pb and Zn in two stations exceeded the maximum critical concentrations enforced by Turkish legislation and European Commission. Therefore, we report that striped venus from Southern Marmara Sea, in general, are safe for human consumption; nonetheless, Pb and Zn levels should be closely monitored in the future.
