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    Bioaccumulation monitoring of chemical contaminants in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from the southern coast of the Marmara Sea, Turkey
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Colakoglu, Serhat; Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Colakoglu, Fatma
    Mytilus galloprovincialis, the Mediterranean mussel, is an important shellfish species that constitutes the majority of production and consumption among bivalve mollusks in Turkey. Since shellfish can accumulate toxic chemicals from seawater, it is important to monitor bioaccumulation from their natural beds. For this reason, in this study, the aim was to monitor the levels of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and toxic metals (Pb, Cd, and Hg) in M. galloprovincialis collected from the southern coast of the Marmara Sea from 2014 to 2017. According to the results, the maximum levels of dioxins, PAHs, and toxic metals during the monitoring period were determined as 0.30 pg/g, 2.52 mg/kg, and 0.43-0.34-0.76 (Pb-Cd-Hg) mg/kg, respectively. Dioxin, PAHs, and toxic metal amounts in mussel samples were determined to be below the threshold levels enforced by the European Commission. The highest benzo(a)pyrene and total PAHs were determined in winter 2015, while toxic metals, dioxins, and dioxin-like PCBs (WHO/PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ) were higher in autumn 2014 than the rest of the sampling period. In conclusion, toxic chemicals monitored in M. galloprovincialis were found at low concentrations from the point of view of food safety. However, monitoring of these or other toxic chemicals should be repetitively performed in the future to ensure food safety in aquatic animals.
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    Chemical and Microbiological Quality of the Chamelea gallina from the Southern Coast of the Marmara Sea in Turkey
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2010) Colakoglu, Fatma Arik; Ormanci, Hasan Basri; Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Colakoglu, Serhat
    The aim of this work was to analyze Chamelea gallina harvested in the Sea of Southern Marmara in terms of heavy metal, biotoxin, and microbiological contents. Samples were collected seasonally from five stations which were determined to be their natural habitats in the between February 2008 and January 2009. Heavy metal contents of the samples revealed statistically significant (P<0.05) differences between seasons and stations. In two stations, Pb and Zn content of the clams were determined to exceed legal limits imposed by Turkish Fisheries Regulation and EC Shellfish Hygiene Directive (91/492/EEC). Biotoxin was not detected in any sample analyzed and the counts of Escherichia coli and fecal coliform bacteria of the samples were lower than the legal limits. Salmonella spp. was not detected in the sampling stations, whereas Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated in two stations. In conclusion, clams harvested in the southern Marmara Sea, excluding Gelibolu and Karabiga stations, were found suitable for human consumption.
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    Chemical and Nutritional Characteristics of Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788); A Seasonally Comparative Study
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2019) Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Colakoglu, Fatma Arik
    Sea cucumbers belonging to the Holothuroidea class are a group of worm-like and soft-bodied echinoderms that live in nearly all marine environments. Mediterranean Holothuria tubulosa is an economic sea cucumber species found in Turkish seas. This study aimed to present the first report of detailed amino acid profile and investigate the biochemical and nutritional characteristics of H. tubulosa seasonally collected from one of the densest natural beds, located at canakkale Strait (Southern Coast of Marmara Sea), Turkey. According to our results, the highest protein, lipid, and ash contents (%) were found to be 10.2, 1.9, and 5.1, respectively. The highest percentages of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 42.9, 28.3, and 37.8, respectively. Total amino acids (mg/g crude protein) ranged between 867.2 and 974.0 among all seasons. All essential amino acids were found in body wall tissues and ranged between 7.1 and 5.9. Mineral composition was found to be desirable at the recommended and threshold levels. In general, the proximate composition of H. tubulosa was directly affected by seasons (p < .05); however, amino acid, fatty acid, and mineral compositions were found to be similar among all seasons, except summer (p > .05).
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    Depuration Times of Donax trunculus and Tapes decussatus
    (Springer, 2014) Colakolu, Fatma Arik; Cardak, Mine; Colakoglu, Serhat; Kunili, Ibrahim Ender
    The present study was performed to determine the depuration time and ability of Donax trunculus (Wedge Clam) and Tapes decussatus (Carpet Shell) contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Clams were contaminated with each bacterium at the level of 7.0-8.0 Log(10) cfu/g. After contamination, clams were analyzed every 3 h in the first 24 h time period and every 6 h until the 72nd hour. During the depuration process of both clams, the level of bacteria decreased quickly to 40% of initial load in the first 12 h. The results of this study indicate that the depuration time of carpet shells for all bacteria is 66 h. The depuration process of the wedge clam was different from the carpet shell; S. typhimurium and E. coli can be depurated in 66 and 78 h, respectively, while V. parahaemolyticus was present after 72 h at the level of 1.7 Log(10) cfu/g.
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    Effects of morphometric and biochemical parameters on collagen and pepsin-solubilized collagen yields of Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1790) and Holothuria (Roweothuria) poli (Delle Chiaje, 1823)
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2022) Kunili, Ibrahim Ender
    Due to their unique biochemical composition, sea cucumbers are highly prized marine echinoderm species. One of their most important properties is that they contain a high amount of collagen in their body wall. In this study, the relationship between collagen and pepsin-solubilized collagen yields from Holothuria tubulosa and Holothuria poli and morphometric and biochemical parameters were investigated. Collagen yields were in the range of 10.63-16.04% for H. tubulosa and 7.12-13.10% for H. poli. It was determined that they may be related to length, body wall weight, and biochemical composition at different length frequencies. Moreover, maturity may have a direct effect on the yield, as mature specimens were found to have lower content of collagen, whereas immature small specimens contained a higher percentage of collagen. It was found that with increasing pepsin concentration, the PSC yield increased to 1.83-1.89% in H. tubulosa and H. poli, respectively. It was determined that collagen from smaller individuals, which contained more moisture and ash, was likely more susceptible to pepsin hydrolyzation. This is the first published study demonstrating that collagen yield of sea cucumbers can vary with length, weight, maturity, and biochemical composition, in addition to species-specific differences.
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    Mass mortality in endangered fan mussels Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus 1758) caused by co-infection of Haplosporidium pinnae and multiple Vibrio infection in canakkale Strait, Turkey
    (Taylor and Francis, 2021) Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Erturk Gurkan, Selin; Aksu, Ata; Turgay, Emre; Cakir, Fikret; Gurkan, Mert; Altinagac, Ugur
    Purpose: Pinna nobilis (fan mussel) is one of the most important endemic bivalve molluscs in the Mediterranean and mass mortality events were observed in these mussels in recent years. In this study, we report mass mortalities caused by Haplosporidium pinnae, which has been spreading in the Mediterranean for 3 years, and reached the C¸anakkale Strait, which is the entrance of the Marmara and the Black Sea. Material and methods: Field observations during sampling and subsequent histopathological, biochemical, genetic, and microbiological analyses were carried out. Results: These analyses showed that H. pinnae infection spread among the natural beds of P. nobilis, causing severe tissue damage and oxidative stress. Our phylogenetic analyses suggested that the parasite spread through the Mediterranean much faster than thought. The results showed that vibriosis originating from Vibrio coralliilyticus, Vibrio tubiashii, Vibrio mediterranei, and Vibrio hispanicus, acted together with H. pinnae in infected individuals and caused death. Conclusion: It is highly probable that the spread of H. pinnae to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea may occur earlier than expected, and it was concluded that mass deaths were caused by co-infection with H. pinnae and a geographically specific marine pathogen that can infect P. nobilis populations.
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    Proximate and Elemental Composition of Chamelea gallina from the Southern Coast of the Marmara Sea (Turkey)
    (Humana Press Inc, 2011) Colakoglu, Fatma Arik; Ormanci, Hasan Basri; Berik, Nermin; Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Colakoglu, Serhat
    The venerid clam Chamelea gallina is a popular and economic foodstuff around the Mediterranean countries especially in Italy, Spain, and France. The aim of this study is to evaluate the nutritional quality of striped venus of Southern Marmara. Samples were harvested seasonally at five stations and analyzed to determine meat yield, proximate, and elemental composition. According to the results, meat yield ranged from 20.24% to 29.94%. Means of water, protein, lipid, and ash content were 67%, 10.12%, 2.57%, and 1.66%, respectively. The mean concentrations (mg/kg wet weight) of elements in tissues are as follows: B: 2.37-4.24; Cr: 0-0.76; Co: 0-0.43; Cu: 0.71-5.30; Mn: 0.30-5.94; Zn: 13.08-77.76; Ni: 0-1.22; Fe: 2.46-114.22; Al: 1.23-75.49; Pb: 0.18-3.24; Ba: 0.66-15.97; Cd: 0.04-0.69. Among the reported metal levels, only Pb and Zn in two stations exceeded the maximum critical concentrations enforced by Turkish legislation and European Commission. Therefore, we report that striped venus from Southern Marmara Sea, in general, are safe for human consumption; nonetheless, Pb and Zn levels should be closely monitored in the future.