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    Archaeological evidence for 9th and 8th millennia BC at girmeler cave near tlos in SW turkey
    (Univerza v Ljubljani, 2014) Takaoğlu, Turan; Korkut, Taner; Erdoğu, Burcin; Işin, Gül
    A mound settlement in front of the Girmeler Cave near the major Lycian city of Tlos in SW Turkey revealed evidence for occupation during the late 9th and 8th millennia BC. The ccupation is characterized by a structure with at least two layers of lime-plastered floor, hearths and bins and a wattle-and-daub superstructure, all pointing to a sedentary community engaged in intensive hunting and gathering. The trial trenches at Girmeler Cave also yielded evidence of an Early Pottery Neolithic period at the end of the 8th millennium BC. The remains of several buildings with terrazzo floors and wattle-and-daub superstructures were found. It is likely that the cave served as a sacred site in the Early Pottery Neolithic period. There was a hiatus between the late 9th/early 8th millennium BC and the Early Pottery Neolithic occupations at the site. IZVLE?EK - Naselbina na gomili pred vhodom v jamo Girmeler v bli?ini pomembnega likijskega mesta Tlos v jugozahodni Tur?iji razkriva dokaze o poselitvi v ?asu poznega 9. in 8. tiso?letja pr. n. ?t. Zna?ilnost poselitve je struktura z vsaj dvema plastema z apnom prekritih tal, ognji??, odpadnih jam in butane nadgradnje, kar ka?e na sedentarno skupnost, ki se je ukvarjala z intenzivnim lovom in nabiralni?tvom. Testne sonde v jami Girmeler so prinesle dokaze o poselitvi v obdobju zgodnjega kerami?nega neolitika ob koncu 8. tiso?letja pr. n. ?t. Odkriti so bili ostanki ve? zgradb s teraco tlemi in butano nadgradnjo. Verjetno je, da je jama v zgodnjem kerami?nem,neolitiku slu?ila kot svet kraj. Med poznim 9./zgodnjim 8. tiso?letjem pr. n. ?t. in poselitvijo v zgodnjem kerami?nem neolitiku je prepoznana prekinitev.
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    LATE PLEISTOCENE AND EARLY HOLOCENE FINDS FROM THE 2020 TRIAL EXCAVATION AT GIRMELER, SOUTHWESTERN TURKEY
    (Peeters Publishers, 2021) Erdoğu, Burçin; Korkut, Taner; Takaoğlu, Turan; Atici, Levent; Kayacan, Nurcan; Guilbeau, Denis; Ergun, Müge
    This paper represents a preliminary report of the results obtained from a sounding at the mouth of the Girmeler Cave in 2020. In addition, it also re-evaluates the data derived from the trail trenches previously opened in the same area. Girmeler is the only site in Western Anatolia that elucidates the transition from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene. In Girmeler, radical changes were determined in the chipped stone industry between the late Pleistocene and the early Holocene, which reveals differences from the Antalya region and Central Anatolian. The late Pleistocene layers, characterized by geometric microliths, were replaced by a flake and bladelet based industry without geometric microliths and bears general similarities with the chipped stone industries from the Aegean islands sites of the early Holocene. The cave was likely inhabited by semi-sedentary hunter groups engaged in selective gathering and some agriculture, which lived in wattle-and-daub huts with lime plastered floor. © Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten / Peeters. All rights reserved.
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    Pre-Classical Habitation at Tlos, Lycia
    (Koc Univ Suna & Inan Kirac Res Ctr Mediterranean Civilizations-Akmed, 2019) Korkut, Taner; Takaoglu, Turan; Sezgin, Kudret
    In this paper we present the results of analysis of pre-Classical finds recently discovered during archaeological excavations in the area of the stadium on the eastern outskirts of the acropolis of Tlos in Lycia. These excavations have helped us identify at least two cultural layers pre-dating the Early Iron Age layer beneath the remains of the Hellenistic stadium: the first layer dates to the early phase of the Middle Chalcolithic sometime around the early fifth millennium BC, while the other represents the Late Bronze Age. Recovery of finds representing the Late Bronze Age at Tlos now complements studies aiming to prove that the lands of the Lukka were not void of habitation during this period. This evidence could also be used in favor of theories equating the Dalawa/Talawa mentioned in Hittite records with Tlos (Lycian Tlawa). The prominent position of Tlos overlooking the northern part of the Xanthus River valley, a natural route between the Lycian coast and its hinterland, was an important factor that made the site favorable for habitation for millennia.
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    SPECIAL BUILDINGS AT NEOLITHIC GIRMELER, NEAR TLOS IN SOUTH-WEST ANATOLIA
    (Wiley, 2025) Erdogu, Burcin; Korkut, Taner; Takaoglu, Turan; Yucel, Nejat; Usanmaz, Uygar Ozan; Derici, Yasin Cemre
    Special buildings, or communal buildings, were ubiquitous in most Neolithic settlements in the Levant, Upper Mesopotamia, and Anatolia. Recently, remains of three special buildings with terrazzo floors dating to the early seventh millennium BC representing the Initial Neolithic period in west Anatolian chronology were unearthed in the basal layers of the mound located in front of the Girmeler cave in south-west Anatolia. The terrazzo floors in these three special buildings feature traces of red-painted linear and geometric decorations, while one also contains human burials. These special buildings may enhance our understanding of the symbolic and ritual behaviours of the Neolithic communities living on the south-west fringes of Anatolia. They may have been gathering places for ritual activities that helped create social memories and define group identities, as well as strengthen intra- and inter-societal relations among Neolithic groups. It is argued that the location of these special buildings adjacent to a natural hot spring before a cave with an impressive fa & ccedil;ade may have been one of the factors that eventually led Neolithic groups to form a gathering pattern here.
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    TLOS ANTİK KENTİ YAKINLARINDAKİ TAVABAŞI MAĞARASI KAYA RESİMLERİ
    (2015) Korkut, Taner; Işın, Gül; Takaoğlu, Turan; Özdemir, Bilsen Şerife
    Likya Bölgesi sahip olduğu tarihi ve doğal zenginlikleriyle Anadolu uygarlıkları içerisinde önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Herodot Likya halkının Giritten göç ettiğini belirtmiştir. Homerosun İlyada Destanında Likya ordusunun Troya savaşlarında Sarpedon önderliğinde Akhalara karşı kahramanca mücadelesi anlatır. Hem Hitit tabletleri hem de mısır hiyerogliflerinden Likya ordusunun Kadeş Savaşında Hititlerin yanında savaştığı da bilinmektedir. Likya halkının Demirçağ öncesinde bu topraklardaki varlığı yakın zamana kadar arkeolojik buluntularla belgelenememiş- tir. Dolayısıyla kendilerine özgü bir dili ve sanatı olan Likyalıların tarihsel geçmişi hakkında farklı görüşler ortaya atılmıştır. Tlos Antik Kenti ve yakın çevresindeki Tavabaşı - Girmeler mağaralarında yapılan araştırmalar Likya Bölgesindeki yaşamın Hititler zamanından daha önce başladığını göstermiştir. Tlos kent merkezinde yürütülen kazı çalışmaları esnasında Kalkolitik Dönem ve Tunç Çağına ait yerleşim kalıntılarına ulaşılmıştır. Girmeler Mağarası önünde tespit edilen höyükteki en erken yerleşim katmanı seramiksiz Neolitik Döneme tarihlenmektedir. Tavabaşı mağaraları da benzer şekilde Neolitik Dönemden itibaren bölge insanının sosyal yaşam detaylarını içeren arkeolojik veriler sunmaktadır. Mağaraların dış yüzeylerinde bulunan farklı ikonografideki kaya resimleri prehistorik dönemlere ait Tavabaşı yerleşiminin önemli kanıtlarındandır.