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Öğe Acil Uzaktan Öğretim Sürecinde Tıp Eğitimi Mesleksel Beceri Uygulamalarında Video Kullanımına Yönelik Öğrenci Görüşleri(Tıp Eğitimini Geliştirme Derneği, 2021) Uysal, İbrahim; Korkmaz, Güneş; Tekin, Murat; Uysal, MusaAmaç: COVID-19 tüm dünyadaki eğitim uygulamalarını derinden etkilemiş ve eğitim sisteminde yer alan hemen hemen tüm okulların kapanması nedeniyle, eğitim uzaktan yönetilmek zorunda kalınmıştır. Tıp fakültelerinde klinik öncesi dönem öğrencilerinin pratik ve uygulamaya dayalı mesleksel beceri öğretimleri de acil uzaktan öğretim aracılığıyla yürütülmüştür. Yapılan çalışmada, tıp fakültesi klinik öncesi dönem öğrencilerinin mesleksel beceri eğitimlerinde eğitim materyali olarak video kullanımına yönelik görüşlerinin alınması ve beceri videolarının etkileşimli olmayan ile etkileşimli olarak hazırlanan versiyonları ile ilgili görüşlerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Araştırma kesitsel analitik türde tasarlanmıştır. 452 öğrencinin katıldığı çalışmada verilerin toplanmasında araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan anket formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde yüzde ve frekans gibi betimsel istatistikler kullanılmıştır Elde edilen veriler ki-kare testi ile analiz edilmiştir.Bulgular: Tıp fakültesi dönem 1, 2 ve 3 öğrencilerinin %49,3’ü tıp eğitiminde online/uzaktan eğitimin amacına ulaşamayacağını belirtmişlerdir. Hazırlanan beceri eğitim videolarından etkileşimli içerik eklenmeyen videolardan sonra öğrencilerin %77,7’si online beceri eğitimlerinin yeterli olamayacağını belirtirken, etkileşimli içerik eklendikten sonra bu oran %58,2’ye düşmüştür. Yapılan ki-kare karşılaştırma testi göstermiştirki; bu değişiklik etkileşimli video izleme sonucunda oluşmuştur. Mesleksel beceri videoları aracılığıyla bu becerileri edinmek konusundaki olumlu görüşler videonun etkileşimli olması halinde yükselmiştir. Sonuç: Araştırma sonucunda, öğrenciler tıp eğitiminde acil uzaktan öğretim uygulamalarının gerekli becerilerin kazanılmasında yeterli olamayacağını, uygulamayı gerçek hastalar üzerinde uygulayacak yeterliliğe ulaşamayacaklarını belirtmişlerdir. Mesleksel beceri eğitim videoları öğrencilerin hedeflenen beceriyi somutlaştırmalarına katkı sağlasa da becerilerin klinik ortamdaki öğrenmelere transferinde ve gerçek hastalarda uygulayabilecek yeterliliğe ulaşmada yetersiz kalacağı belirtilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, acil uzaktan öğretim sürecinde tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin mesleksel beceri eğitimleri ile ilgili edindiği kazanımların, yüz yüze bir eğitim ortamında değerlendirilmeden, tam olarak edinilip edinilemediği konusunda kesin bir yorum yapılamaz. Ancak, online/uzaktan öğretim sürecinde etkileşimli videolar aracılığıyla eğitim materyali hazırlanması ve öğrencilere geri bildirim olanağı sağlanmasının daha iyi sonuçlar vereceği düşünülmektedirÖğe Analyzing Medical Students’ Educational Needs for Web-Based Escape Room Design(Tıp Eğitimini Geliştirme Derneği, 2024) Korkmaz, Güneş; Alakurt, Turgay; Mazman, Sacide Güzin; Tekin, Murat; Tekeş, Ender; Çelik, Taylan; Saygılı, Emre SedarBackground: This study aims to determine the learning needs of medical students to design web-based escape rooms tailored to their needs. Methods: In this qualitative research, the educational needs of medical students in web-based escape rooms were determined using the "basic qualitative research" design. Participants were 3rd and 4th year medical students from XXX University. 23 students from 3rd year and 31 students from 4th year participated in the focus-group interviews. A semi-structured interview form was used as the data collection tool, and the data collection process took place during December 2023-January 2024. Data were analyzed through deductive content analysis. Results: The results revealed students are aware that emergency remote teaching period has pros and cons, and they used various additional resources, learning materials, and web-based applications to support their individual learning processes during this period. In addition, they prefer clinical case-based applications in the design of escape rooms. Conclusions: This study provides important findings regarding the content and design of escape room games. In escape room design, especially in emergency remote teaching practices during the COVID-19 pandemic, the positive and negative aspects perceived by students will be considered, the content and design will be developed according to students' learning needsÖğe Being a physician: what messages have medical students received during the first month of medical school experience?(BMC, 2024) Korkmaz, Güneş; Toraman, Çetin; Tekin, Murat; Uysal, İbrahimBackgroundThis study aims to investigate the meanings that first-year medical students make about becoming a physician from the messages they receive from the faculty environment, faculty members and senior students after their one-month experience at the faculty of medicine.MethodsIn this phenomenological qualitative research, in-depth semi-structured interview was used to collect data from 21 first-year medical students, and data were analyzed through inductive content analysis method.ResultsAs a result of the analysis, one theme and four categories emerged about gaining professional competencies, having emotions specific to the profession, having sources of motivation, and challenges of becoming a physician in the future. The results reveal that first-year medical students think being a physician will help them gain professional competences, motivate them as the job is prestigious, a guaranteed profession, provides a multidisciplinary working environment, and gives opportunity to serve society and keep people alive. On the other hand, the first-year medical students are aware of the fact that their future profession will bring some challenges such as having to deal with a lot of stress, long working hours, mobbing, and having to study hard all the time during their education.ConclusionsWe believe that the current study presents significant results and some useful knowledge regarding the first-year medical students' perception of their future career as a physician.Öğe Bilişsel Esneklik Araştırmalarının Bibliyometrik Analizi ve Geleceğe Dair Görüler(Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, 2025) Toraman, Çetin; Çalışkan, Çiğdem; Korkmaz, GüneşBu çalışma, Web of Science (WoS) verilerine dayalı olarak Bilişsel Esneklik (BE) konusundaki araştırmaların güncel durumunu ortaya koymayı ve gelişimini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, 1975-2023 yılları arasında WoS'tan elde edilen meta veriler kullanılarak, BE üzerine yazılmış araştırma literatürünün haritalandırılması için bibliyometrik analiz yaklaşımı benimsenmiştir. Analiz, yayın yılına göre makale dağılımı ve ortalama atıf durumu, BE üzerine en fazla yayın yapan dergiler ve BE ile ilgili atıf sayısı, en çok atıf alan BE makaleleri ve yazarları, BE hakkındaki makalelerin en çok atıf aldığı ülkeler, BE üzerine en fazla makale üreten yazarlar, yayınları, yazarların ülkeleri ve makalelerde BE ile ilişkili kelimelerin eğilimi gibi faktörleri içermektedir. Sonuçlar, yıllara göre makale yayınlama eğilimi son yıllarda artmasına rağmen, BE makalelerine atıfların en yüksek artışının 1990 ve 1994 yıllarında yaşandığını ortaya koymaktadır. En fazla yayın yapan dergiler ise Behavioural Brain Research, Psychiatry Research, Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Journal of Neuroscience dergileridir. Bir diğer bulgu ise, BE makalelerinin en çok atıf aldığı ve en yüksek üretim oranlarına sahip ülkenin ABD olduğudur. Ayrıca, BE makalelerinde en sık kullanılan kelimelerin esneklik, prefrontal korteks, beyin, çalışma belleği, görev, bilişsel, bellek, karar verme, korteks, aktivasyon, yanıt-engelleme, yürütücü işlev, interferans, bilişsel kontrol ve şizofreni olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, BE literatürü hakkında kapsamlı bir değerlendirme sunmakta ve gelecekteki araştırmalar için alanın gelişimi hakkında ilginç bilgiler sağlamaktadır.Öğe Exploring Medical Students’ Readiness for E-Learning and Knowledge Sharing Behaviors in Emergency Remote Learning Environments during Covid-19(Seyit Ahmet KIRAY, 2021) Korkmaz, Güneş; Toraman, ÇetinThe rapid spread of Covid-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the educational practices all over the world and educational institutions sought ways to adapt to this unprecedented situation. The problem was that most of these institutions, educators and students were not ready for online learning environments and the stakeholders were not yet sure about how to share the knowledge in a better way. This study aims to examine the medical students’ readiness for e-learning and knowledge sharing behaviors in online learning environments during Covid-19, and to analyze the relationship between these variables. The study has been designed according to correlational research methodology. The data were collected using “Knowledge Sharing Behavior in Online Learning Environments Scale” and “E-Learning Readiness Self-Assessment Instrument”. 725 medical students participated in the study. Students' readiness for e-learning and knowledge sharing behaviors were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the relationship between the variables was modeled using multivariate regression equation. The results revealed that the students with high ability to use computer, mobile phone and tablet PC have higher readiness level for e-learning in terms of technology access, technical skills, online relationships, motivation, online skills, importance of success. Similarly, they have a higher level of knowledge sharing behaviors in online learning environments.Öğe Grand Rounds Model in terms of Continuing Medical Education and Lifelong Learning(Tıp Eğitimini Geliştirme Derneği, 2021) Korkmaz, Güneş; Koşan, Ayşen Melek Aytuğ; Toraman, ÇetinAim: The rapid change in many fields in the global sense and the need for transformation due to this change has also affected the field of medical sciences; therefore, revisions have been required in medical education practices. For this reason, medical education is considered as one of the fields where change occurs fast. This study aims to examine the Grand Rounds model in terms of continuing medical education and lifelong learning through the analysis of its planning, implementation, and evaluation process. Methods: This traditional literature review, in the context of continuing medical education and lifelong learning, was conducted to examine the planning, implementation and evaluation processes of grand rounds, especially in the United States. In Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar search engines, the keywords "Clinical Rounds", "Medical Rounds", "Bedside Teaching Rounds", "Medicine Rounds" and "Ward Rounds", which are called "classical clinical learning cycle", were searched. Then, the studies that included the term “Grand Rounds” model were examined.Results: The grand rounds are designed to follow up-to-date diagnosis and treatment methods, to encourage knowledge sharing among faculty members, to contribute to the lifelong learning skills of students and faculty members, to create an active learning environment for assistants and students, and to share the faculty’s experiences with other stakeholders. It has been observed that the Grand Rounds, which was created in the context of adult learning theory and lifelong learning, has a more comprehensive process than traditional clinical rounds, is applied both in pre-graduate and postgraduate medical education and with the participation of health professionals from various disciplines. The most important stage of the Grand Rounds is planning. Therefore, there are some key elements that should be considered by the organizing committee that will carry out the planning process. These elements include shaping the content around the themes that will meet the needs of the participants, determining the appropriate learning outcomes, and deciding on the presentations that will contribute to the development of students' skills such as clinical reasoning, problem solving and decision making. During the implementation process, sufficient time should be allowed for the participants to discuss, interact, and share information about the subject. After Grand rounds, both the content in the learning cycles and the presenters should be evaluated with valid and reliable tools.Conclusions: Integration of Grand rounds into continuous medical education in Turkey is strongly recommended in terms of providing broader lifelong learning opportunities for medical students, resident physicians and medical educators. [TR] Amaç: Küresel anlamda birçok alanda yaşanan hızlı değişim ve bu değişimin beraberinde getirdiği dönüşüm ihtiyacı tıp bilimini de etkilemekte ve tıp eğitimi uygulamalarında güncellemeler gerektirmektedir. Bu nedenle, tıp eğitimi değişim ve yenilenmenin en hızlı olduğu bilim alanlarından biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, sürekli tıp eğitimi ve yaşam boyu öğrenme bağlamında Grand Rounds öğrenme döngüsü modelini planlama, uygulama ve değerlendirme açısından incelemektir. Yöntem: Makale türü geleneksel derlemedir. Sürekli tıp eğitimi ve yaşam boyu öğrenme bağlamında özellikle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde uygulanan grand rounds öğrenme döngüleri ile ilgili planlama, uygulama ve değerlendirme süreçlerini incelemek için kaynak taraması yapılmıştır. Pubmed, Scopus ve Google Scholar arama motorlarında öncelikle “klasik klinik öğrenme döngüsü” olarak adlandırılan “Clinical Rounds”, “Medical Rounds”, “Bedside Teaching Rounds”, “Medicine Rounds” ve “Ward Rounds” anahtar sözcükleri taranmış; sonrasında ise “Grand Rounds” öğrenme döngüsü modelinin yer aldığı çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Bulgular: Grand rounds öğrenme döngüsünün temel amaçları güncel tanı ve tedavi yöntemlerini takip etmek, öğretim üyeleri arasında paylaşımı teşvik etmek, öğrenci ve öğretim üyelerinin hayat boyu öğrenme becerisine katkı sağlamak, asistanlara ve öğrencilere birlikte aktif bir öğrenme ortamı yaratmak, fakültede edinilen deneyimleri ilgili diğer kişilerle paylaşmaktır. Yetişkin öğrenme kuramı ve yaşam boyu öğrenme bağlamında oluşturulmuş Grand Rounds öğrenme döngüsünün klinik öğrenme döngülerinden daha kapsamlı bir sürece sahip olduğu hem mezuniyet öncesi hem de mezuniyet sonrası tıp eğitiminde uygulandığı, farklı disiplinlerden sağlık profesyonellerinin katılımıyla gerçekleştiği görülmüştür. Grand Rounds öğrenme döngülerinin en önemli aşaması planlamadır. Dolayısıyla, planlamayı gerçekleştirecek komitenin göz önünde bulundurulması gereken bazı temel öğeler bulunmaktadır. Bu öğelerden en önemlisi içeriğin katılımcıların ihtiyaçlarına cevap verecek temalar etrafında şekillendirilmesi, uygun öğrenme hedeflerinin belirlenmesi ve gerçekleştirilecek sunumların öğrencilerin klinik akıl yürütme, problem çözme ve karar verme gibi becerilerinin gelişmesine katkı sağlayacak nitelikte seçilmesidir. Uygulama sürecinde katılımcıların konu hakkında tartışması, etkileşime girebilmesi ve bilgi paylaşımı yapabilmesi için yeterli süre tanınmalıdır. Uygulama sonrasında ise, hem öğrenme döngülerinde yer alan içerik hem de sunum yapan kişiler geçerli ve güvenilir araçlarla değerlendirilmelidir.Sonuç: Tıp fakültesi öğrencileri, asistanlar ve tıp eğitimcilerine yaşam boyu öğrenme fırsatı sunması nedeniyle, Grand Rounds öğrenme döngüsü modelinin Türkiye’de sürekli tıp eğitimine entegrasyonunun sağlanması önerilmektedir.Öğe Investigation of Medical Students’ Fear of Negative Evaluation Levels, Academic Procrastination Behaviors and Academic Achievement(İdeal Kent Yayınları, 2021) Özdemir, Hasan Fehmi; Korkmaz, Güneş; Toraman, ÇetinFear of negative evaluation and academic procrastination behaviours have the potential to negatively affect individuals both academically and psychologically. This study aims to analyze the medical students’ level of fear of negative evaluation, academic procrastination and academic achievement according to several variables. Data were collected from 774 students studying at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Medicine in the spring semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. To collect data, Tuckman Academic Procrastination Scale and Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale were used. Academic achievement grade point averages were taken from student affairs office; a four-category question was asked about the level of test anxiety the students experienced. MANOVA and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the medical students' level of academic procrastination and fear of negative evaluation was moderate, and there was no significant difference in academic success, academic procrastination and fear of negative evaluation by gender. The interaction between gender and test anxiety did not make a significant difference in academic achievement, academic procrastination and fear of negative evaluation; however, it was determined that the test anxiety created a significant difference in academic achievement, academic procrastination and fear of negative evaluationÖğe Is AI the future of evaluation in medical education?? AI vs. human evaluation in objective structured clinical examination(Bmc, 2025) Tekin, Murat; Yurdal, Mustafa Onur; Toraman, Çetin; Korkmaz, Güneş; Uysal, İbrahimBackgroundObjective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) are widely used in medical education to assess students' clinical and professional skills. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) offer opportunities to complement human evaluations. This study aims to explore the consistency between human and AI evaluators in assessing medical students' clinical skills during OSCE.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at a state university in Turkey, focusing on pre-clinical medical students (Years 1, 2, and 3). Four clinical skills-intramuscular injection, square knot tying, basic life support, and urinary catheterization-were evaluated during OSCE at the end of the 2023-2024 academic year. Video recordings of the students' performances were assessed by five evaluators: a real-time human assessor, two video-based expert human assessors, and two AI-based systems (ChatGPT-4o and Gemini Flash 1.5). The evaluations were based on standardized checklists validated by the university. Data were collected from 196 students, with sample sizes ranging from 43 to 58 for each skill. Consistency among evaluators was analyzed using statistical methods.ResultsAI models consistently assigned higher scores than human evaluators across all skills. For intramuscular injection, the mean total score given by AI was 28.23, while human evaluators averaged 25.25. For knot tying, AI scores averaged 16.07 versus 10.44 for humans. In basic life support, AI scores were 17.05 versus 16.48 for humans. For urinary catheterization, mean scores were similar (AI: 26.68; humans: 27.02), but showed considerable variance in individual criteria. Inter-rater consistency was higher for visually observable steps, while auditory tasks led to greater discrepancies between AI and human evaluators.ConclusionsAI shows promise as a supplemental tool for OSCE evaluation, especially for visually based clinical skills. However, its reliability varies depending on the perceptual demands of the skill being assessed. The higher and more uniform scores given by AI suggest potential for standardization, yet refinement is needed for accurate assessment of skills requiring verbal communication or auditory cues.Öğe Reflective Thinking: A Bibliometric Analysis of Four Decades of Research and Insights for Future Studies(Necmettin Erbakan Univ, 2024) Korkmaz, Güneş; Toraman, ÇetinReflective thinking (RT) is one of the higher-order thinking skills which have been of great importance to the researchers from a variety of disciplines for years. Although the significance of RT has been discussed in many studies and many different forms, there are no bibliometric studies conducted on this topic. This study aims to examine the current state and development of research in RT based on the data available in the Web of Science (WoS). To do this, a bibliometric approach was adopted to map the research literature on RT using the metadata from the WoS between 1986 and 2023 in terms of the distribution of the articles by year of publication and average citation status, the most productive journals publishing on RT and number of RT-related citations, the most cited RT articles and authors, top countries in which the articles about RT were cited most, the authors who have produced the most articles on RT, their publications and corresponding author(s)' countries, and the trend of words associated with RT in the articles. Our main contribution is the quantitative methodological design for examining the evolution of reflective thinking research, which is highly multidisciplinary and covers a large volume of publications. We believe that this study provides a comprehensive review of the studies on RT and provides interesting insights about the development of the field for future research.Öğe THE GREAT BARRIER TO TEACHING PROFESSION: TECHNICISM, RETHINKING THE MEANING OF PROFESSIONALISM THROUGH TEACHERS’ EXPERIENCE(2022) Toraman, Çetin; Korkmaz, GüneşTeaching as a profession requires professional training, knowledge, hands-on practice,\rcertain competences to raise individuals who will shape the future of the society. Therefore,\rteachers should adopt key roles for societal transformation. In this study, we aimed to explore\rthe meaning of teaching profession based on teachers’ professional experiences. We adopted\ra phenomenological research design focusing on the experiences of the participants and the\rphenomena that result from their experiences. The participants are 50 teachers working at\rprimary, secondary and high schools in Turkey. We collected the data using a semi-structured\rinterview form and we used inductive content analysis. At the end of the analysis, two themes\remerged “teacher as a professional” and “teacher as a technician”. The results of the study\rwill be of importance to raise awareness about these two major concepts in teaching\rprofession and help us rethink the current roles of teachers for the society.Öğe The relationship between ambulance team's professional commitment, occupational anxiety, and resilience levels(BMC, 2024) Uysal, İbrahim; Korkmaz, Güneş; Toraman, ÇetinBackground Individuals who have the ability to bounce back from stressful events, to recover from their troubles and adverse environmental conditions by getting stronger each time are known as resilient people. Some professions may cause more occupational anxiety than others due to their characteristics and working conditions. In this research, we aimed to develop a professional commitment scale for the ambulance team. Another aim was to analyze the relationships between professional commitment, occupational anxiety, resilience, gender, job, seniority and working unit variables.Methods In the study, data were collected from a total of 1142 emergency ambulance workers working in Emergency Ambulance and Emergency Call Centers in 34 different cities in Turkey. Data were collected using the Professional Commitment of Ambulance Team Scale (PCATS), Occupational Anxiety Scale for Emergency Medical Service Professionals (OASEMSP), and Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA). Scale development analyses were carried out using Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). Regression analysis were used to examine the relationships between professional commitment, occupational anxiety, resilience, gender, job, seniority and working unit.Results As a result of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), it was determined that 8 items remaining in the professional commitment scale formed a single-factor structure, explaining 46% of the variance of professional commitment of the team. The Cronbach's Alpha reliability value was 0.867. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the results of exploratory factor analysis. The Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient obtained through CTT was 0.868, and the marginal reliability coefficient within the scope of IRT was 0.877. The test-retest reliability coefficient was calculated as 0.832, which indicates that the scale is valid and reliable.Conclusions The study revealed that resilience has a positive effect for professional commitment while occupational anxiety has a negative effect for professional commitment. In addition, having a moderate seniority has a negative (reducing) effect for professional commitment. Other variables (gender, job, and working unit) was found to have no significant impact on professional commitment.Öğe The Relationship between Primary School Students' COVID-19 Phobia, School Burnout and School Satisfaction(Yeni Eğitim Yayıncılık, 2023) Korkmaz, Güneş; Aktan, Osman; Toraman, ÇetinIt is no doubt that the unprecedented arrival of COVID-19 has not only affected the educational practices but also the psychology of the students worldwide. This study aims to investigate the relationships between primary school students' school burnout level, school satisfaction and COVID-19 phobia, and to analyze the impact of parents' income and their educational level on the students’ fear of COVID-19 when burnout and school satisfaction are considered as internal variables, and family income and parents’ educational level considered as external variables. The data were collected using "Fear of COVID-19 Scale", "School Satisfaction Scale for Children", and “School Burnout Scale”. 589 primary school students participated in the study. The data were analyzed using Path analysis. The results revealed that students' burnout and school satisfaction levels are positive predictors of fear of COVID-19. When the school burnout is considered as a mediator, the fear of COVID-19 increases as the family income level decreases. It was also found that when school satisfaction acts as a mediator, the fear of COVID-19 decreases as the school burnout level increases. When the level of burnout is considered as a mediator, the fear of COVID-19 increases as the family income level decreases. Another finding was that as the father’s educational level decreases, school burnout level increases whereas as mothers’ educational level increases, the students’ school satisfaction decreases. We believe that this study reveals significant results for educational policy makers, educators, and parents to realize the psychological impacts of pandemic on primary school studentsÖğe What is the Meaning of School to High School Students? A Scale Development and Implementation Study Based on IRT and CTT(Sage Publications Inc, 2023) Toraman, Çetin; Korkmaz, GüneşUnderstanding education and schooling has always been of great importance for researchers and for the society in digital era. The changing conditions and ever-growing situations in education have also impacted on the meaning that the students attribute to schools, especially after the pandemic. This study aims to develop a measurement tool that will provide information about the meaning of school for high school students and make comparisons on the basis of some sociodemographic variables using this tool. About 6,453 students studying in various types of high schools participated in the research. The data were randomly divided into two data files. Exploratory factor analysis, Item response theory analysis, and reliability analyses (Cronbach's Alpha and McDonald's omega) were performed to determine the construct validity of the scale from the first data file created with 1,940 high school students. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the structure from the second data file created by 1,898 high school students. From the total data file, analyses were conducted with students' gender, grades, school type, the field of study/major, mother and father's level of education, and family income. The results reveal that most of the students attribute a positive meaning to the school in condition that they are female and study in early grades. In addition, if they are not successful enough, if they were not provided quality education in science, if their parents' education level and family income is low, they have positive views about school.
