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Öğe Comparisons of 540 and 540E PTO operations in tractors through laboratory tests(2010) Sumer, S.K.; Kocabiyik, H.; Say, S.M.; Cicek, G.The objective of this study was to determine differences between the standard 540 rpm power take-off (PTO) revolution in tractors and its alternative, namely "the economical PTO revolution (540E)." Loads were applied to three tractors (JD 5625, NH TD85, MF 3085) with similar technical specifications, by means of a PTO dynamometer (Eddy-current) under laboratory conditions. Measurements were made of tractor PTO torque, engine fuel consumption, specific fuel consumption, and engine exhaust gas and cooling water temperatures on the basis of load (power kW) steps applied at a constant PTO revolution of 540 rpm. Data analysis showed an average fuel saving was performed with the 540E PTO of 27.18%, 18.62% and 15.88% for the JD 5625, MF 3085, and NH TD85 tractors, respectively. Fuel savings decreased with the increase in PTO load. Engine-PTO speed rates were also found to be effective in fuel saving. The torque values for the three tractors varied directly proportionally to the increase in the PTO load steps. Exhaust gas temperature data showed that coercions had occurred in the tractor engines when certain load values were exceeded when using the 540E operation (35 kW, 20 kW, and 30 kW, respectively for JD 5625, MF 3085, and NH TD85 tractors). In conclusion, the economical PTO operation was shown to have important advantages, particularly in terms of fuel and specific fuel consumptions for many power-driven machines.Öğe COMPARISONS OF 540 AND 540E PTO OPERATIONS IN TRACTORS THROUGH LABORATORY TESTS(Scientific Issues Natl Centre Agrarian Sciences, 2010) Sumer, S. K.; Kocabiyik, H.; Say, S. M.; Cicek, G.The objective of this study was to determine differences between the standard 540 rpm power take-off (PTO) revolution in tractors and its alternative, namely the economical PTO revolution (540E). Loads were applied to three tractors (JD 5625, NH TD85, MF 3085) with similar technical specifications, by means of a PTO dynamometer (Eddy-current) under laboratory conditions. Measurements were made of tractor PTO torque, engine fuel consumption, specific fuel consumption, and engine exhaust gas and cooling water temperatures on the basis of load (power kW) steps applied at a constant PTO revolution of 540 rpm. Data analysis showed an average fuel saving was performed with the 540E PTO of 27.18%, 18.62% and 15.88% for the JD 5625, MF 3085, and NH TD85 tractors, respectively. Fuel savings decreased with the increase in PTO load. Engine-PTO speed rates were also found to be effective in fuel saving. The torque values for the three tractors varied directly proportionally to the increase in the PTO load steps. Exhaust gas temperature data showed that coercions had occurred in the tractor engines when certain load values were exceeded when using the 540E operation (35 kW, 20 kW, and 30 kW, respectively for JD 5625, MF 3085, and NH TD85 tractors). In conclusion, the economical PTO operation was shown to have important advantages, particularly in terms of fuel and specific fuel consumptions for many power-driven machines.Öğe Determination of Thermal Properties of Rapeseed(Univ Namik Kemal, 2007) Kocabiyik, H.; Tezer, D.In this study specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of rapeseed (Brasicca napus L.) were determined at different moisture contents. Also, effects of change in moisture content of the product on these thermal properties were investigated. In these measurements conducted in the moisture content range of 7.31%-37.6%, specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of rapeseed ranged from 2.10 to 3.12 kJ/kg K, from 0.214 to 0.292 W/m K and from 1.486 x 10(-7) to 1.633 x 10(-7), respectively. While specific heat and thermal conductivity of rapeseed drastically increased with increasing moisture content, no significant relation was determined between moisture content and thermal diffusivity.Öğe Dsensity, Porosity and Permeability Rates of Sunflower Silage Under Different Compaction Conditions(Medwell Online, 2009) Toruk, F.; Gonulol, E.; Ulger, P.; Kocabiyik, H.In this study, the determination of density, porosity and permeability rates of sunflower silage at different stages of maturity and under different conditions of compaction was aimed. Whole-plant sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was harvested at three different maturity stages; (BA, Beginning of Anthesis (78%), ML, one-third Milk Line (70%) and BL, Black Line (64%)). Five compaction levels were done during ensiling. These were control (no compaction), vacuum and compaction with 150 kPa (C,), 248 kPa (C) and 498 kPa (C,). The chopped forages were ensiled in PVC (5.7 L) mini-silos. For porosity measurements, a tube system was designed, which operated according to ideal gas law. Permeability was measured to be the time during, which 1 L water passed through the silo container. The results of this study showed that the values of porosity, permeability and density were found to be significantly affected by the applications of compaction and stages of maturity.Öğe Effect of different harvest methods on olive yield and work capacity(Academic Journals, 2010) Cicek, G.; Sumer, S. K.; Kocabiyik, H.In this research, olives were harvested by four different methods (wood rake, wood stick, mechanical bough shaker + wood stick and electronic harvesting rake + wood stick) and an effort was made to determine their effect on olive yield. From the data obtained during a two year period, the method with the highest work capacity was determined to be the third method (mechanical bough shaker + wood stick), and the lowest work capacity was obtained from the first method (wood rake). When the average work capacities for two years are examined, the highest work capacity was obtained for the 3rd method (51.53 kg/man hour), followed by the 2nd method (31.43 kg/man hour), 4th method (28.01 kg/man hour) and the 1st method (19.19 kg/man hour), respectively. When the yield averages for two years are examined, the highest yield was obtained for the 3rd method (21.64 kg), followed by the 4th method (14.06 kg), 2nd method (13.64 kg) and 1st method (19.19 kg), respectively.Öğe Effect of Moisture Content on Thermal Properties of Pumpkin Seed(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2009) Kocabiyik, H.; Kayisoglu, B.; Tezer, D.The selected thermal properties, namely specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were determined for pumpkin seeds in the moisture content range of 5.32-24.00% (d.b.). Specific heat was determined using the method of mixtures. Thermal conductivity was measured by the transient technique using the line heat source method assembled in a thermal conductivity probe. Specific heat, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity of pumpkin seeds were found between 2.53 and 3.13 kJ kg-1K-1, 0.113, and 0.135 W m-1K-1, 9.954 10-8 and 1.289 10-7 m2 s-1, respectively, under the conditions with by changing moisture content. Specific heat and thermal conductivity of pumpkin seeds increased with increasing moisture content, while thermal diffusivity decreased with the increase in moisture content.Öğe Fuel consumption distribution for machine and tractor activities in some PTO driven machine operations(Academic Journals, 2010) Sumer, S. K.; Kocabiyik, H.; Say, S. M.; Cicek, G.In this study, fuel consumption values needed for the machine to operate (machine activity) and for the tractor to be able to move (tractor mobility) in field conditions in agricultural activities were determined for some PTO driven agricultural machine operations (turbo atomizer and disc fertilizer spreader). Besides, the effects of 540 and 540E PTO options on fuel consumption distribution were evaluated. Three different tractors (John Deere 5625, Massey Ferguson 3085 and New Holland TD85) were used for this purpose. In field experiments, tractor fuel consumption, PTO torque and power parameters were measured. These measurements were repeated under static conditions in the laboratory without changing the functions of the machines. In these experiments, the torque and power requirements were found to be higher for the turbo atomizer for both of the PTO operations (540 and 540E). Data analysis showed that fuel consumptions performed in the laboratory condition with the 540 PTO in turbo atomizer and disc fertilizer spreader operations for all tractors were 77.08 and 74.29%, respectively in average of overall average fuel consumption values performed in field conditions. Fuel consumptions for 540E PTO operation were determined to be 65.97 and 64.74% in average, respectively. According to the variance analysis, for all test tractors, PTO options and experiment conditions were statistically significant (P<0.01) on fuel consumption for each PTO driven machines.Öğe Infrared Radiation Drying of Mint Leaves(Univ Namik Kemal, 2008) Kocabiyik, H.; Demirturk, B. S.The effects of air velocity on the drying characteristics, drying time and drying rate of mint leaves were investigated at infrared drying. Specific energy consumption and color properties of dried mint leaves were examined. Experiments were conducted using four levels of air velocity (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m/s) at 1080 W/m(2) of infrared radiation density. The drying time ranged from 64 to 180 minutes for all the drying conditions. The drying rate increased with decreasing of air velocity. The specific energy consumption values varied between 37.04 and 106.58 MJ/kg-evaporated water for all the drying conditions. Colour parameters were found to be affected by process variables.Öğe Nondestructive Olive Quality Detection Using FT-NIR Spectroscopy in Reflectance Mode(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2009) Kavdir, I.; Buyukcan, M. B.; Kocabiyik, H.; Lu, R.; Seker, M.Quality features including firmness, oil content, and color (chroma, hue) of two olive (Olea europaea L.) varieties ('Ayvalik' and 'Gemlik') were predicted using FT-NIR spectroscopy. Reflectance measurements of intact olives were performed using a bifurcated fiber optic probe. Measurements of firmness, oil content, and color values were done following the spectral measurements using standard methods. Calibration methods were developed using the partial least squares method. Good correlations were obtained in calibration and validation for Magness-Taylor (MT) maximum force, which was used as a measure of firmness, for both 'Ayvalik' and 'Gemlik' varieties; the coefficient of determination (R-2) for 'Gemlik' olives was 0.74 (SEC = 1.27) in calibration and 0.67 (SEP = 1.37) in validation. Better oil content prediction of olive fruits was obtained for the pooled data of 'Ayvalik' and 'Gemlik' varieties with the R-2 value of 0.64 (SEP = 0.05) in validation. Higher correlations were obtained for color predictions with R-2 = 0.88 and SEP = 12.9 for chroma and R-2 = 0.86 and SEP = 0.10 for hue for 'Gemlik'. Similar color prediction results were obtained for the 'Ayvalik' variety.Öğe Quality properties, mass transfer characteristics and energy consumption during shortwave infrared radiation drying of tomato(Codon Publications, 2016) Kocabiyik, H.; Yilmaz, N.; Tuncel, N. B.; Sumer, S. K.; Buyukcan, M. B.The influence of infrared radiation intensity (1,830, 2,640 and 3,165 W/m(2)) and air velocity (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m/s) on product quality, drying behaviour of tomato and energy consumption were investigated. Five analytical models were used to investigate mass transfer characteristics during infrared drying of tomato slices. The drying time and specific energy consumption varied between 141 and 246 min, and 10.04 and 15.13 MJ/kg water, respectively, and were significantly influenced by infrared radiation intensity and air velocity. Effective moisture diffusivity ranged from 3.89x10(-7) to 6.67x10(-7) m(2)/s and was significantly affected by the process variables. Vitamin C content decreased, while lycopene content increased during drying. Total colour change varied between 7.92 and 10.87 for all drying conditions. The logarithmic model gave the best predictions for the drying characteristics of tomato slices for all treatments. Some drying conditions had quite similar results with respect to the operational and quality features.Öğe Technical and Economical Analysis of Some Fruits Hand Harvested in Canakkale, and Determination of Some Propeties of Fruits Related with Mechanical Harvest(Univ Namik Kemal, 2009) Kocabiyik, H.; Kavdir, I; Ozpinar, S.The aim of this study is to obtain work efficiency, energy of labor force, and some physico-mechanical properties such as skin failure, tensile force and the ratio of fruit mass to tensile force for harvesting of apple, peach, apricot, cherry and plum. Mechanical properties were analysed through the puncture test and tensile test. According to the measuring and results of evaluation, work efficiency ranged from 10.26 to 230.97 kg/h for all fruits. Energy of labor force was beetwen 11.58 and 260.22 MJ/ton for all fruits. The highest energy of labor force was determined for cherry harvest. The ratio of fruit mass to tensile force was higher than 1 for all fruits.Öğe The evaluation of alternative stalk chopping methods in sunflower farming(Academic Journals, 2009) Gonulol, E.; Dalmis, I. S.; Kayisoglu, B.; Bayhan, Y.; Kocabiyik, H.In this study, the alternative chopping methods were compared in sunflower farming. After harvesting sunflower stalk was chopped with three different methods by using three different stalk chopper machines. Two different rotary type machines (RT1 and RT2) and heavy duty disc harrow (CON) were applied in the experiment. Heavy duty disc harrow used as conventional method. Particle size distribution after chopping, management parameters of the machines and energy requirements were determined in the experiment. Maximum frequency with 37.09% for RT1 and 24.62% for CON were found in the stalk size group of 102 - 173 mm. Whereas, maximum frequency with 31.08% was obtained in the size group of 30 - 101 mm for RT2. The highest fuel consumption (19.28 L.ha(-1)) was obtained in CON method and the highest field efficiency with 0.886 ha.h(-1) was found in RT2. RT1 has 756.1 MJ.ha(-1) total energy requirements. RT2 has 868.3 MJ.ha(-1) and CON has 944.3 MJ.ha(-1). The differences among methods in frequency of particle sizes, values of fuel consumption and total energy requirements were found to be statistically significant.
