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    A comparative toxicity study between small and large size zinc oxide nanoparticles in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Organ pathologies, osmoregulatory responses and immunological parameters
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2016) Kaya, Hasan; Aydin, Fatih; Gurkan, Mert; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ates, Mehmet; Demir, Veysel; Arslan, Zikri
    Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was exposed to different sizes of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) to evaluate their organ pathologies (kidney, liver, gill, and intestine), osmoregulatory responses and immunological parameters. Sub-chronic exposure was conducted in fresh water with 1 and 10 mg/L concentrations of the small (10-30 nm) and large-size ZnO (100 nm) particles for 7 and 14 days. In this study, it is found that small and large forms of ZnO-NPs cause various pathologic findings in the target organs at all concentrations. These findings are increased of melanomacrophage aggregates, tubular deformations, necrosis and cytoplasmic vacuolations in the kidney, oedema, mononuclear cell infiltrations, fatty changes, pyknotic nuclei and hepatocellular vacuolations in the liver, hyperplasia, aneurysms, and epithelial liftings in the gills, and hyperplasia, swelled of goblet cells, villus deformations in the intestine. Results showed that respiratory burst and potential killing activity at the small-size ZnO concentration significantly increased compared to the control group (p < 0.05) but significant reductions of these parameters at the large-size ZnO concentrations compared to control (p < 0.05) were measured. These findings demonstrate the potential of each particle size to cause significant damage to the immune system. Moreover, because ZnO NPs inhibit the Na, K-F-ATPase activity at all concentrations and increase serum Ca2+ and Cl- levels especially in gill, these particles are osmoregulatory and toxicant for tilapia fish. As a summary, both sizes of the particles have led to organ damage, osmoregulatory changes and immune disorder in tilapia fish. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Acute toxicity of Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Synthetic Pyrethroid) to the Juvenile and adult crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823)
    (Medwell Journals, 2013) Berber, Selcuk; Turel, Selcuk; Kaya, Hasan
    In this study, the acute toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin, a synthetic pyrethroid pesticides heavily used in the paddy fields, to the juvenile and adults of Astacus leptodactylus was investigated. The two different experiments, one for the juvenile (0.417±0.001 g) and one for the adult (39±2.2 g) crayfish were conducted. Acute toxicity tests was performed in 3 L glass jars for the juvenile and in aquariums for the adults. Acute toxicity tests with a static control and 6 different concentrations with 3 replications were tested. About 10 healthy individuals were placed in each. During the experiments, the water temperature was kept at 20°C and average pH was constant at 7.8. At the end of the 96 h experiments, the LC50 value of lambda-cyhalothrin for Astacus leptodactylus were found as 0.84 ng L-1 for the juveniles and as 0.207 ug L-1 for the adults. As a result, the heavily used lambda-cyhalothrin in the paddy fields was determined to be very toxic for juveniles and for adult of Astacus leptodactylus. © Medwell Journals, 2013.
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    An epidemiological study to evaluate the use of vitamin K antagonists and new oral anticoagulants among non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients in Turkey- AFTER*-2 study design
    (2015) Ertaş, Faruk; Kaya, Hasan; Yıldız, Abdulkadir; Davutoğlu, Vedat; Kırış, Abdulkadir; Çil, Habib; Yüksel, Murat
    Amaç:Atriyum fibrilasyonu (AF) önlenebilir iskemik inmenin en sık nedenlerinden biri olup artmış kardiyovasküler morbidite ve mortaliteyle ilişkilidir. Ülkemizde yeni oral antikoagülan kullanım sıklığı, vitamin K antagonisti kullanan hastalarda Uluslararası Düzeltme Oranının (INR) etkin düzeyde kalma oranı ve AF tedavi yönetimi ile ilgili büyük bir çalışma mevcut değildir. Bu çok merkezli çalışmada amacımız nonvalvüler AF hastalarında epidemiyolojik verilerin analizi, takibi ve değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışma planı:Kırk iki merkezden elektrokardiyografisinde en az bir defa AF atağı tespit edilmiş ardışık 4100 erişkin hasta çalışmaya alınacaktır. Romatizmal mitral darlığı ve protez kapak hastalığı olan AF hastaları çalışmaya alınmayacaktır. Hastalar birinci yılın sonunda majör kardiyak sonlanım noktaları (ölüm, geçici iskemik atak, inme, sistemik tromboembolizm, majör kanama ve hastane yatışı) açısından değerlendirilecektir. Bulgular:İlk sonuçlar Haziran 2015 yılında bekleniyor. Majör kardiyak sonlanım noktaları açısından veriler Ocak 2016da elde edilecektir. Sonuç:AFTER-2 çalışması ile ülkemizdeki non-valvüler AF hastalarının oral antikoagülan tedavi kullanım sıklığı ve çeşidi, varfarin alan hastalarda etkin INR düzeylerinde kalma oranı ve benimsenen tedavi yönetimi belirlenecektir. Ayrıca, ülkemizde AFli hastalarda majör istenmeyen olay sıklığı ve bu olayların bağımsız belirteçleri de ortaya çıkarılacaktır (AFTER-2 Study ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02354456).Anahtar Kelimeler: Antikoagülan ilaç; atriyum fibrilasyonu/epidemiyoloji; ilaç kullanımı; elektrokardiyografi; uluslararası düzeltme oranı; varfarin.
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    An epidemiological study to evaluate the use of vitamin K antagonists and new oral anticoagulants among non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients in Turkey- AFTER-2 study design
    (Turkish Soc Cardiology, 2015) Ertas, Faruk; Kaya, Hasan; Yildiz, Abdulkadir; Davutoglu, Vedat; Kiris, Abdulkadir; Dinc, Lale; Kafes, Habibe
    Objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common causes of preventable ischemic stroke and is related to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. There is a lack of data in Turkey on the use of new oral anticoagulants (NOACs), and time in therapeutic INR range (TTR) in vitamin K antagonist users and AF management modality. In this multi-center trial, we aimed to analyze, follow and evaluate the epidemiological data in non-valvular AF patients. Study design: Four thousand one hundred consecutive adult patients from 42 centers with at least one AF attack identified on electrocardiography will be included in the study. Patients with rheumatic mitral valve stenosis and prosthetic valve disease will be excluded from the study. At the end of one year, the patients will be evaluated in terms of major cardiac end points (death, transient ischemic attack, stroke, systemic thromboembolism, major bleeding and hospitalization). Results: First results are expected in June 2015. Data about major cardiovascular end-points will be available in January 2016. Conclusion: The rates and kind of oral anticoagulant use, TTR in vitamin K antagonist users and main management modality applied in non-valvular AF patients will be determined by AFTER-2 study. In addition, the rate of major adverse events (MACEs) and the independent predictors of these MACEs will be detected (AFTER-2 Study ClinicalTrials. gov number, NCT02354456.).
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    Assessment of Surface Water Quality in the Atikhisar Reservoir and Saricay Creek (Canakkale, Turkey)
    (Foundation Environmental Protection & Research-Fepr, 2010) Akbulut, Mehmet; Kaya, Hasan; Celik, Ekrem Sanver; Odabasi, Deniz Anil; Odabasi, Serpil Sagir; Selvi, Kahraman
    This study was carried out to evaluate the surface water quality of the Atikhisar Reservoir and Sari ay Creek. Multivariate statistical techniques such as Cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), multidimensional Scaling (MDS), and univariate statistical techniques such as two-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Three different groups were formed based on Cluster analysis. Two-way ANOVA test results showed that interaction effects of any variables of the reservoir were non-significant but the interaction effects of pH in the creek were significant. Temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), oxygen saturation (OS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphate (TP), total nitrate (TN), salinity (Sal), pH, Chl-a, and total suspended solids (TSS) of the reservoir were significantly different among seasons. While differences of T, EC, DO, TP, Chl-a, and TSS of the Sari ay Creek were significant among seasons, only the differences of temperature among the stations were significant. Multi dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis results revealed that the variables such as EC, Sal, OS, T and TN affected the differences among the sites, while the other variable groups were showing a similarity with the COD, BOD, TSS, AD, TP, pH, DO and Chl-a. The principle component analysis (PCA) results showed that the eigenvalues of the first 5 PCA were larger than 1.00, suggesting that they explained 98 % of the total variation.
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    Assessment of surface water quality in the atikhisar reservoir and sarıçay creek (Çanakkale, Turkey)
    (Cevkor Vakfi, 2010) Akbulut, Mehmet; Kaya, Hasan; Çelik, Şanver; Odabaşi, Deniz Anil; Sa?ir Odabaşi, Serpil; Selvi, Kahraman
    This study was carried out to evaluate the surface water quality of the Atikhisar Reservoir and Sari{dotless}çay Creek. Multivariate statistical techniques such as cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), multidimensional Scaling (MDS), and univariate statistical techniques such as two-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Three different groups were formed based on Cluster analysis. Two-way ANOVA test results showed that interaction effects of any variables of the reservoir were non-significant but the interaction effects of pH in the creek were significant. Temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), oxygen saturation (OS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphate (TP), total nitrate (TN), salinity (Sal), pH, Chl-a, and total suspended solids (TSS) of the reservoir were significantly different among seasons. While differences of T, EC, DO, TP, Chl-a, and TSS of the Sari{dotless}çay Creek were significant among seasons, only the differences of temperature among the stations were significant. Multi dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis results revealed that the variables such as EC, Sal, OS, T and TN affected the differences among the sites, while the other variable groups were showing a similarity with the COD, BOD, TSS, AD, TP, pH, DO and Chl-a. The principle component analysis (PCA) results showed that the eigenvalues of the first 5 PCA were larger than 1.00, suggesting that they explained 98 % of the total variation.
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    Atikhisar barajı ve Sarıçay'da pestisit ve evsel kirliliğin araştırılması
    (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2007) Kaya, Hasan; Akbulut, Mehmet
    Bu araştırmada, Sarıçay ve Atikhisar Barajı'ndaki pestisit ve evsel kirliliğin boyutlarının ortaya çıkarılması ve sucul ekosisteme etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla araştırma bölgesindeki temiz bölgelerden seçilen referans istasyonlar ile kirli bölgelerden seçilen örnekleme istasyonlarından Eylül 2005-Eylül 2006 tarihlerinde suyun bazı fizikokimyasal özellikleri (sıcaklık, tuzluluk, % doymuş oksijen, çözünmüş oksijen, pH, elektrik iletkenliği) örneklerin alındığı sırada kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca su örnekleri üzerinde Pestisit, KOİ, BOİ, Anyonik Deterjan, Kl-a, Toplam ?N, Toplam-P analizleri yapılmıştır. Gaz kromotografisi cihazıyla yapılan pestisit analizleri sonucunda Atikhisar Barajı ve Sarıçay' dan aylık yapılan örneklemelerde örneklerin çoğunda pestisit saptanmamıştır. Fakat bazı istasyonlarda pestisit kalıntılarına rastlanmıştır. Bu pestisitler; Alfa Endosülfan (organoklorlu), Phosalone (organofosforlu), 4,4'DDT (organoklorlu) dir. Çıkan pestisit konsantrasyonları düşük düzeylerde bulunmuştur. Fakat Atikhisar Barajı Çanakkale `nin içme suyunu karşılaması sebebiyle pestisit kalıntılarını hiç içermemesi gerekmektedir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda kirlilik yönünden değerlendirildiğinde, Atikhisar Barajının 1., 2., 3. ve 4. istasyonları 1.sınıf su kalitesinde, Sarıçay' daki 6., 7. ve 8. istasyonlar bulgulara göre 2. veya 3. sınıf su kalitesinde bulunmuşlardır. Bu çalışma sonucunda elde edilen veriler, Sarıçay'ın evsel kirliliğine, Atikhisar Baraj Havzasının ise tarım ve hayvancılık faaliyetleri sonucu az da olsa pestisit kirliliğine maruz kaldığını göstermiştir. Bu çalışmada Sarıçay ve Atıkhisar Barajı'nda tespit edilen evsel kirlilik ve pestisit kirliliği seviyesinin ileriki yıllarda ekosistem ve insan sağlığı açısından izlenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler Çanakkale, Sarıçay, Atıkhisar Barajı, Pestisit Kirliliği, Evsel Kirlilik
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    Changes in Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of European Chub (Squalius cephalus L.) in Unpolluted Reservoir and Polluted Creek
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2012) Celik, Ekrem Sanver; Kaya, Hasan; Yılmaz, Sevdan
    This study investigates the surface water quality parameters of the Atikhisar Reservoir and Sari ay Creek, both of which are located in Canakkale, the north-west part of Turkey. The conductivity, COD, BOD, TP, TN, and TSS content of water in Sari ay Creek were higher than in Atikhisar Reservoir (P<0.05), however; water DO content in Sari ay Creek was less than in Atikhisar Reservoir (P<0.05). Chl-a concentration, temperature, salinity and pH of water were not statistically significant in both of the resources (P>0.05). The quality of surface water samples of Atikhisar Reservoir and Sari ay Creek were accepted first quality and third quality, respectively. The blood samples of European chub (Squalius cephalus L.) caught in the Atikhisar Reservoir (unpolluted) and Sari ay Creek (polluted) provided the data to compare the hemato-chemical effects of pollution. The WBC, MCV, MCH, Ht, Hb, GLC, TP, and GLO levels of fish in Sari ay Creek were significantly higher than those in Atikhisar Reservoir (P<0.05). The RBC, TBIL, CHOL, AST, and ALT levels of fish in Sari ay were lower than the ones in Atikhisar Reservoir (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the MCHC, TG, ALB, Ca, and P values among the fish samples of Atikhisar Reservoir and Sari ay (P>0.05). In conclusion, the data analyses infer that blood parameters can be used as an indicator of the fish health in general. On the other hand, the blood test can be used to determine fish stress due to water pollution.
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    Changing of mollusca fauna in comparison with water quality: Saricay creek and atikhisar reservoir models (Canakkale-Turkey)
    (2009) Akbulut, Mehmet; Odabasi, Deniz Anil; Kaya, Hasan; Celik, Ekrem Sanver; Yildirim, M. Zeki; Odabasi, Serpil; Selvi, Kahraman
    Species composition, abundance and monthly distribution of the Mollusca fauna and the physicochemical variables of Saricay Creek and Atikhisar Reservoir have been investigated between September 2005-August 2006. Mollusca fauna in Saricay Creek and Atikhisar Reservoir was represented by 21 species of Gastropoda and 8 species of Bivalvia. Diversity, dominance and frequency were recorded monthly. By assessing the data via Shannon-Wiener index, Saricay Creek had an index of 2.58 richness at 8th station while, third station in Atikhisar Reservoir had the poorest with an index of 0.02. According to Bray-Curtis similarity index, the first and third stations were found to be very similar to each other, while 8th and 66 h stations were observed to be the most different from all of the other stations in terms of the dynamics of mollusca fauna. Dreissena polmorpha were the most dominant of 47.16% and frequent species of 48.96%, especially encountered in the Atikhisar Reservoir. The results of One-way Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) showed that mollusca compositions were significantly different between sampling sites (p<0.05). ANOSIM and Similarity Percentage analysis (SIMPER) revealed significant differences and a high degree of community dissimilarity within and between the sampling stations. The relationship between the dynamics of organisms and environmental parameters were analyzed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. This study pointed out that water quality parameters especially COD, BOD, Anionic Detergent, salinity, TP, TN, temperature were effective on the abundance and distribution of Mollusca fauna. © Medwell Journals, 2009.
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    Changing of Mollusca Fauna In Comparison With Water Quality: Saricay Creek and Atikhisar Reservoir Models (Canakkale-Turkey)
    (Medwell Online, 2009) Akbulut, Mehmet; Odabasi, Deniz Anil; Kaya, Hasan; Celik, Ekrem Sanver; Yildirim, M. Zeki; Odabasi, Serpil; Selvi, Kahraman
    Species composition, abundance and monthly distribution of the Mollusca fauna and the physicochemical variables of Saricay Creek and Atikhisar Reservoir have been investigated between September 2005-August 2006. Mollusca fauna in Saricay Creek and Atikhisar Reservoir was represented by 21 species of Gastropoda and 8 species of Bivalvia. Diversity, dominance and frequency were recorded monthly. By assessing the data via Shannon-Wiener index, Saricay Creek had an index of 2.58 richness at 8th station while, third station in Atikhisar Reservoir had the poorest with an index of 0.02. According to Bray-Curtis similarity index, the first and third stations were found to be very similar to each other, while 8th and 66 h stations were observed to be the most different from all of the other stations in terms of the dynamics of mollusca fauna. Dreissena polmorpha were the most dominant of 47.16% and frequent species of 48.96%, especially encountered in the Atikhisar Reservoir. The results of One-way Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) showed that mollusca compositions were significantly different between sampling sites (p<0.05). ANOSIM and Similarity Percentage analysis (SIMPER) revealed significant differences and a high degree of community dissimilarity within and between the sampling stations. The relationship between the dynamics of organisms and environmental parameters were analyzed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. This study pointed out that water quality parameters especially COD, BOD, Anionic Detergent, salinity, TP, TN, temperature were effective on the abundance and distribution of Mollusca fauna.
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    Chronic exposure of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to iron oxide nanoparticles: Effects of particle morphology on accumulation, elimination, hematology and immune responses
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Ates, Mehmet; Demir, Veysel; Arslan, Zikri; Kaya, Hasan; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Camas, Mustafa
    Effects of chronic exposure to alpha and gamma iron oxide nanoparticles (alpha-Fe2O3 and gamma-Fe2O3 NPs) were investigated through exposure of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L (9.2 x 10(-4), 4.6 x 10(-3) and 9.2 x 10(-3) mM) aqueous suspensions for 60 days. Fish were then transferred to NP-free freshwater and allowed to eliminate ingested NPs for 30 days. The organs, including gills, liver, kidney, intestine, brain, spleen, and muscle tissue of the fish were analyzed to determine the accumulation, physiological distribution and elimination of the Fe2O3 NPs. Largest accumulation occurred in spleen followed by intestine, kidney, liver, gills, brain and muscle tissue. Fish exposed to gamma-Fe2O3 NPs possessed significantly higher Fe in all organs. Accumulation in spleen was fast and independent of NP concentration reaching to maximum levels by the end of the first sampling period (30th day). Dissolved Fe levels in water were very negligible ranging at 4-6 mu g/L for alpha-Fe2O3 and 17-21 mu g/L for gamma-Fe2O3 NPs (for 1 mg/L suspensions). Despite that, Fe levels in gills and brain reflect more dissolved Fe accumulation from metastable gamma-Fe2O3 polymorph. Ingested NPs cleared from the organs completely within 30-day elimination period, except the liver and spleen. Liver contained about 31% of alpha- and 46% of gamma-Fe2O3, while spleen retained about 62% of alpha- and 35% of the gamma-polymorph. No significant disturbances were observed in hematological parameters, including hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell and white blood cell counts (p > 0.05). Serum glucose (GLU) levels decreased in treatments exposed to 1.0 mg/L of gamma-Fe2O3 NPs at day 30 (p < 0.05). In contrast, GLU levels increased during the elimination period for 1.0 mg/L alpha-Fe2O3 NPs treatments (p < 0.05). Transient increases occurred in glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Serum Fe levels did not change during exposure (p > 0.05), but increased significantly within elimination period due to mobilization of ingested NPs from liver and spleen to blood. Though respiratory burst activity was not affected (p > 0.05), lysozyme activity (LA) was suppressed suggesting an immunosuppressive effects from both Fe2O3 NPs (p < 0.05). In contrast, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels increased significantly in treatments exposed to alpha-Fe2O3 NPs (p < 0.05), and the effect from gamma-polymorph was marginal (p > 0.05). The results indicate that morphological differences of Fe2O3 NPs could induce differential uptake, assimilation and immunotoxic effects on O. niloticus under chronic exposure. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Comparison of heavy metal concentrations on European Chub (Leuciscus cephalus L, 1758) from sariçay Creek and atikhisar reservoir (Çanakkale - Turkey)
    (Parlar Scientific Publications, 2015) Selvi, Kahraman; Kaya, Hasan; Akbulut, Mehmet; Tulgar, Arinç
    The aim of this study was to evaluate some heavy metals concentration (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe and Mn) in the water and also in gill, liver, muscle, kidney tissues of European Chub species sampled from Atikhisar Reservoir and Sariçay Creek. As a result of study, it was revealed that the heavy metal levels of the water samples, taken from Sariçay Creek, are statistically higher than the samples, extracted from the Atikhisar Reservoir (p<0.05). All metals, examined within the tissues of the fish from Sariçay Creek were also found out to be statistically higher than the ones from Atikhisar Reservoir (p<0.05). Consequently, this research suggest that the levels of Pb, Cd and Zn, accumulated in the fish samples, which were caught from Sariçay Creek, exceed the limits that are suitable for human consumption. In conclusion, it is estimated that the fish that may be consumed from Sariçay Creek may impair to human health. © by PSP.
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    COMPARISON OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS ON EUROPEAN CHUB (Leuciscus cephalus L., 1758) FROM SARICAY CREEK AND ATIKHISAR RESERVOIR (CANAKKALE - TURKEY)
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2015) Selvi, Kahraman; Kaya, Hasan; Akbulut, Mehmet; Tulgar, Arinc
    The aim of this study was to evaluate some heavy metals concentration (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe and Mn) in the water and also in gill, liver, muscle, kidney tissues of European Chub species sampled from Atikhisar Reservoir and Saricay Creek. As a result of study, it was revealed that the heavy metal levels of the water samples, taken from Saricay Creek, are statistically higher than the samples, extracted from the Atikhisar Reservoir (p<0.05). All metals, examined within the tissues of the fish from Saricay Creek were also found out to be statistically higher than the ones from Atikhisar Reservoir (p<0.05). Consequently, this research suggest that the levels of Pb, Cd and Zn, accumulated in the fish samples, which were caught from Sal-way Creek, exceed the limits that are suitable for human consumption. In conclusion, it is estimated that the fish that may be consumed from Saricay Creek may impair to human health.
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    Effects of environmental hypercapnia on hemato-immunological parameters, carbonic anhydrase, and Na+, K+-ATPase enzyme activities in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2013) Kaya, Hasan; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Gurkan, Mert; Hisar, Olcay
    In this study, the effects of environmental hypercapnia on hemato-immunological parameters and the activities of respiratory enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase (CA) and Na+, K+-ATPase were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues (gill, liver and kidney). Batches of 12 fish were exposed to 4.5mg L-1 (control) and 14mg L-1 CO2. No mortalities occurred during the 14days of the experimental period. Red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) levels, and innate immune parameters such as nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), lysozyme, and myeloperoxidase activities, and the melano-macrophage frequency were negatively affected by elevated CO2 levels. Patterns of change in CA activity differed among the gill, liver, and kidney. Compared with the activities of CA in the control group, the CA enzyme was significantly stimulated at day 7 in the gill tissue, whereas it was stimulated at day 14 of the experiment in the liver tissue of fish exposed to 14mg L-1 CO2 (P < 0.05). In contrast to the pattern of CA enzyme activities, the Na+, K+-ATPase enzymes were stimulated significantly in the liver after day 7 but inhibited in the kidney and gill (P < 0.05). These results suggest that a subchronic exposure to hypercapnia of rainbow trout tissues may lead to adaptive changes in the respiratory enzymes and negatively affects hemato-immunological parameters.
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    Effects of Phosalone on Mineral Contents and Spinal Deformities in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio, L. 1758)
    (Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2012) Celik, Ekrem Sanver; Kaya, Hasan; Yılmaz, Sevdan
    The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of phosalone on some mineral contents, morphological abnormalities and spinal deformities in common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L. 1758). Fish were exposed to 0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 mg L-1 of phosalone using a semi-static exposure regime for 14 days. Experiments were conducted in triplicate for control treatments and phosalone concentrations. At the end of the experiment, abnormal swimming and lethargy was observed in fish exposed to 0.30 and 0.60 mg L-1 phosalone concentrations. The percentage morphological abnormalities of the control and phosalone treatment groups (0, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 mg L-1) were 0%, 0%, 35.33% and 65.00%, respectively. In direct radiography, a decrease in kyphosis at the thoral spine and a lordotic anomaly at the caudal spine were detected in fish exposed to the 0.30 mg L-1. In addition, deformity at the thoraco-abdominal junction of the spine and decreased lordotic curvature in the caudal region in the treatment group of 0.60 mg L-1 were observed. Calcium and potassium levels in the spinal tissue of fish significantly decreased in the 0.30 and 0.60 mg L-1 phosalone concentrations. While sodium concentration in the spinal tissue significantly decreased in all the phosalone-treatment groups, magnesium was significantly reduced only in the 0.60 mg L-1 phosalone concentration group. Phosalone pollution may cause various ill effects on aquatic ecosystem, including spinal deformities. Therefore, it has to be kept under acceptable concentrations in aquatic environment.
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    Effects of phosalone on mineral contents and spinal deformities in common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.1758)
    (2012) Çelik, Ekrem Şanver; Kaya, Hasan; Yılmaz, Sevdan
    Bu çalışmada, sazan (Cyprinus carpio, L.1758) balığının bazı mineral içerikleri, morfolojik anormallikleri ve omurga deformasyonu üzerine phosalone’nin etkisi araştırılmıştır. Balıklar 0,15, 0,30 ve 0,60 mg $L^{-1}$ phosalone konsantrasyonlarına semi-statik olarak 14 gün boyunca maruz bırakılmıştır. Çalışma kontrol grubu ve phosalone konsantrasyonları için üç tekerürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Deneme sonunda 0,30 ve 0,60 mg $L^{-1}$ phosalone konsantrasyonlarına maruz bırakılan balıklarda anormal yüzme ve letarji görülmüştür. Morfolojik anormallik yüzdesi, kontrol ve phosalone maruz bırakılan gruplarda (0, 0,15, 0,30 ve 0,60 mg $L^{-1}$) sırasıyla %0, %0, %35,33 ve %65,00 olarak bulunmuştur. Direk radyografiye bakıldığında 0,30 mg $L^{-1}$ konsantrasyona maruz bırakılan balıklarda thoral omurga kifozunda azalma ve kaudal omurgada lordotik anormallik tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, 0,60 mg $L^{-1}$ grubunda omurganın thoraco-abdominal birleşme yerinde deformasyon ve kaudal bölgede lordotik eğimde azalma görülmüştür. Balığın omurga dokusundaki kalsiyum ve potasyum seviyeleri 0,30 ve 0,60 mg $L^{-1}$ phosalone konsantrasyonlarında önemli oranda azalmıştır. Omurga dokusundaki sodyum miktarı tüm phosalone konsantrasyonlarında, magnezyum ise 0,60 mg $L^{-1}$ konsantrasyonunda önemli derecede azalmıştır. Phosalone kirliliği sucul ekosistemde omurga deformasyonlarını da içeren çeşitli olumsuz etkilere neden olabilir. Bundan dolayı phosalone, sucul ekosistemde kabul edilebilir değerlerin altında tutulmalıdır.
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    EFFECTS OF SUBCHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PHOSALONE ON OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN COMMON CARP (Cyprinus carpio, L., 1758)
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2013) Kaya, Hasan; Celik, Ekrem Sanver; Gurkan, Mert; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Akbulut, Mehmet
    In this study, possible oxidative stress, biomarkers, and histopathological alterations were investigated in common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L., 1758) that were exposed to various phosalone concentrations in vivo. Fish were exposed to 0.15, 0.3, and 0.6 mg/L phosalone concentrations in a semistatic regime for 14 d. Biomarkers, including Na+, K+-ATPase, reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and histopathological changes, were determined in gills, liver, and kidney tissues of fish. Sublethal phosalone concentrations produced lipid peroxidation and impairment in the antioxidant defense system by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. While GSH increased in all groups at d 7 compared to control, GSH fell significantly at medium and high doses at d 14. Reduced GSH levels were diminished in all tissues and a significant induction in lipid peroxidation (TBARS) was observed. Na+,K+-ATPase enzyme activity was significantly inhibited especially in gills. No histopathological effects were observed in the control group. Lamellar aneurysm, lamellar fusion, hyperplasia, epithelial lifting, and hemorrhages were observed in gill tissues exposed to phosalone. Histopathological effects in the liver tissues of fish exposed to phosalone were characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolation, congestion, hypertrophy, and nuclear degeneration. Hypertrophy, tubule degeneration, mononuclear cell infiltration, and dilation of glomerular capillaries were noted in kidney tissues exposed to phosalone. The results indicate that phosalone exposure adversely affected the health of the fish, attributable to oxidative stress.
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    Effects of subchronic exposure to zinc nanoparticles on tissue accumulation, serum biochemistry, and histopathological changes in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
    (Wiley, 2017) Kaya, Hasan; Duysak, Müge; Akbulut, Mehmet; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Gürkan, Mert; Arslan, Zikri; Demir, Veysel
    Zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) are among the least investigated NPs and thus their toxicological effects are not known. In this study, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to 1 and 10 mg/L suspensions of small size (SS, 40-60 nm) and large size (LS, 80-100 nm) ZnNPs for 14 days under semi-static conditions. Total Zn levels in the intestine, liver, kidney, gill, muscle tissue, and brain were measured. Blood serum glucose (GLU), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were examined to elucidate the physiological disturbances induced by ZnNPs. Organ pathologies were examined for the gills, liver, and kidney to identify injuries associated with exposure. Significant accumulation was observed in the order of intestine, liver, kidney, and gills. Zn levels exhibited time- and concentration-dependent increase in the organs. Accumulation in kidney was also dependent on particle size; NPs SS-ZnNPs were trapped more effectively than LS-ZnNPs. No significant accumulation occurred in the brain (p>0.05) while Zn levels in muscle tissue increased only marginally (p0.05). Significant disturbances were noted in serum GOT and LDH (p<0.05). The GPT levels fluctuated and were not statistically different from those of controls (p>0.05). Histopathological tubular deformations and mononuclear cell infiltrations were observed in kidney sections. In addition, an increase in melano-macrophage aggregation intensity was identified on the 7th day in treatments exposed to LS-ZnNPs. Mononuclear cell infiltrations were identified in liver sections for all treatments. Both ZnNPs caused basal hyperplasia in gill sections. Fusions appeared in the gills after the 7th day in fish treated with 10 mg/L suspensions of SS-ZnNPs. In addition, separations in the secondary lamella epithelia were observed. The results indicated that exposure to ZnNPs could lead to disturbances in blood biochemistry and cause histopathological injuries in the tissues of O. niloticus. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1213-1225, 2017.
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    Effects of Waterborne Lead Exposure in Mozambique Tilapia: Oxidative Stress, Osmoregulatory Responses, and Tissue Accumulation
    (Wiley, 2015) Kaya, Hasan; Akbulut, Mehmet
    We studied the oxidative stress and osmoregulatory damage as well as the accumulation of lead in Mozambique Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to different sublethal concentrations-low, medium, and high (0.5, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/L)-of waterborne lead for 14 d in a semistatic condition. The accumulated levels of Na+, K+-ATPase, glutathione (GSH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined from samples of gill, liver, intestine, brain, kidney, and muscle tissues. At the end of the experiment, the GSH levels of most tissues were higher in the treated group than in the control group (especially in the liver and kidney) but lower in the intestine. The levels of TBARS in the gill and brain tissues of the fish exposed to high lead doses were significantly higher than those of fish in the control group. Na+, K+-ATPase activity seemed to be significantly inhibited in the gill, intestine, and brain tissues across all treatment groups. At the end of the study, the total amount of lead that had accumulated within the various tissues ranked as follows: intestines > kidney > brain > gill > liver > muscle. Our findings suggest that sublethal concentrations of lead can disrupt the health of Mozambique Tilapia and cause oxidative stress and osmoregulatory damage.
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    Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in different organs of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2015) Kaya, Hasan; Aydin, Fatih; Gurkan, Mert; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ates, Mehmet; Demir, Veysel; Arslan, Zikri
    Nano-size zinc oxide particles (ZnO NPs) are used in diverse industrial and commercial fields. However, the information from existing studies is not sufficient in evaluating the potential toxic effects of ZnO NPs. In this study, tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to different concentrations of small and large ZnO NPs in vivo. Accumulation in various organs/tissues (liver, gill, intestine, kidney, brain and muscle) and possible oxidative stress mechanisms were investigated comparatively. Fish were exposed to 1 and 10 mg/L concentrations of small (10-30 nm) and large (100 nm) ZnO NPs semi-statically for 14 days. Both small and large ZnO NPs accumulated substantially in the tissues. Accumulation for the small ZnO NPs was significantly higher compared to larger NPs under same exposure regimes. Significant fluctuations were observed in antioxidant defense system biomarkers, including Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione (GSH) levels depending on particle size, exposure time and concentration. Lipid peroxidation measured with TBARS levels were higher in groups exposed to the suspensions of small ZnO NPs than that of large ZnO NPs and controls. These results imply that colloidal suspensions of small ZnO NPs induce elevated oxidative stress and toxic effects on tilapia compared to the larger NPs. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.