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    A new species of Aphis Linnaeus, 1758 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from the northwestern Türkiye with a key to the species of the subgenus Bursaphis Baker, 1934
    (Magnolia Press, 2021) Kok, Sahin; Karabacak, Ersin; Yasar, Ipek; Kasap, Ismail; Barjadze, Shalva
    The new aphid species- Aphis ( Bursaphis ) kazdagensis sp. nov. living on Papaver pilosum subsp. strictum (Papaveraceae) in & Ccedil;anakkale Province, T & uuml;rkiye, is described based on the apterous viviparous females. Diagnosis of the subgenus Bursaphis with respect to other species is given. Aphis popovi Mordvilko, 1932 is transferred from the subgenus Aphis to the subgenus Bursaphis. An updated identification key for apterous viviparous females to all Bursaphis species is provided.
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    Acaricidal Effect of Orange Essential Oil on Two Spotted Spidermite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) under Laboratory Conditions
    (Univ Namik Kemal, 2023) Yasar, Ipek; Kok, Sahin; Kasap, Ismail
    Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the phytophagous pests that cause serious economic losses in many cultivated plants. In the control of T. urticae, the use of chemicals usually comes to the fore. However, the use of chemicals in excessive amounts and in inappropriate times and doses causes many negativities because they leave residue and toxic effects on the products. Recently, studies on the effects of extracts obtained from plants on agricultural pests have been increasing day by day and yield successful results. In the study, the effect of an insecticide, which is a commercial formulation of orange oil, on egg laying behavior and acaricidal effect on T. urticae at different doses were investigated. The experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions at 65 +/- 10% humidity and 25 +/- 2 degrees C temperature conditions, on bean leaves, using leaf disc dipping method, using 5 different application doses (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1 and 2 ml of 100 ml-1 water) and 5 was carried out recursively. Observations were made at 1, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after the application by taking the counts of dead and live individuals. As a result of this study, the highest acaricidal effect on T. urticae individuals was determined with a mortality rate of 75.56% at 2% concentration of orange oil 96 hours after the application. In the 96th hour observations, the lowest acaricidal effect was detected at a concentration of 20% to 0.2%. Accordingly, it was observed that the acaricide effect increased as the concentration and duration of the orange oil studied in the study increased. When the effect of the insecticide with orange oil active substance on the egg laying behavior of T. urticae was examined, the number of eggs in the control group was determined as 99.40 +/- 1.26 at the same observation time, at the 2% concentration of the insecticide used, while 8.80 +/- 1.87 eggs were detected at the end of 96 hours. As a result, the acaricidal effect of orange oil on T. urticae shows that it can be used as an alternative control agent to chemical control.
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    Analysis of Plant Protection Studies with Excess Zeros Using Zero-Inflated and Negative Binomial Hurdle Models
    (Gazi Univ, 2010) Yesdlova, Abdullah; Kaya, Yilmaz; Kaki, Baris; Kasap, Ismail
    In this study, the analysis of data with many zeros for plant protection area was carried out by using the models of Poisson Regression (PR), negative binomial (NB) regression, zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression, zeroinflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression, and negative binomial hurdle (NBH) model. As zero-inflated observations are too much in the studies, done in the plant protection area; models considering zero-inflated observations are frequently required. Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae; Stigmaeidae), the basic material of this study, can reach to quite high amounts under convenient temperature (18-32 degrees C temperature). The fact that deviance obtained from PR model together with Pearson Chi-square and deviance goodness of statistics came about quite higher than the value of (1) represented that there was an overdispersion in data set. In the selection of appropriate regression model, Akaiki information criteria and Bayesian information criteria were used. At the end of these information criteria, ZINB regression was chosen as the best model. In ZINB model, the effects of Zetzellia mali, temperature, and periods were significant on the total P. ulmi number (p<0.01), while applying insecticide was insignificant (p>0.05).
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    Analysis of plant protection studies with excess zeros using zero-inflated and negative binomial hurdle models
    (Gazi University Eti Mahallesi, 2010) Yeşdlova, Abdullah; Kaya, Yilmaz; Kaki, Bariş; Kasap, Ismail
    In this study, the analysis of data with many zeros for plant protection area was carried out by using the models of Poisson Regression (PR), negative binomial (NB) regression, zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression, zeroinflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression, and negative binomial hurdle (NBH) model. As zero-inflated observations are too much in the studies, done in the plant protection area; models considering zero-inflated observations are frequently required. Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae; Stigmaeidae), the basic material of this study, can reach to quite high amounts under convenient temperature (18-32°C temperature). The fact that deviance obtained from PR model together with Pearson Chi-square and deviance goodness of statistics came about quite higher than the value of (1) represented that there was an overdispersion in data set. In the selection of appropriate regression model, Akaiki information criteria and Bayesian information criteria were used. At the end of these information criteria, ZINB regression was chosen as the best model. In ZINB model, the effects of Zetzellia mali, temperature, and periods were significant on the total P. ulmi number (p<0.01), while applying insecticide was insignificant (p>0.05).
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    Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) species determined in canakkale Province with a new record for the aphid fauna of Turkey
    (Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2016) Kok, Sahin; Kasap, Ismail; Ozdemir, Isil
    As a result of a study conducted to determine aphid species on herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees in cultivated and uncultivated areas from 2013 to 2015 in Canakkale Province, Turkey, 39 species and one subspecies in 24 genera of Aphididae family were determined. Of these species, Aphis sedi Kaltenbach, 1843 collected from Lampranthus sp. (Aizoaceae) was new record for the aphid fauna of Turkey. Also, Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae) and Pimpinella saxifraga L. (Apiaceae) were determined as new host records for Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach, 1843) and Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini, 1860) in Turkey, respectively. The present study and other current studies indicated that local studies are important for the aphid fauna of Turkey.
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    Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) species of the South Marmara Region of Turkey including the first record of Dysaphis radicola meridialis Shaposhnikov, 1964 for the aphid fauna of Turkey
    (Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2019) Kok, sahin; Kasap, Ismail
    This study aimed to determine aphid species, and to contribute new species and hosts, in Canakkale and Balikesir Provinces in the South Marmara Region of Turkey. Samples were taken from different host plants between March 2017 and November 2018. In total 74 aphid species were identified, including three subspecies from 34 genera belong to five subfamilies (Aphidinae, Calaphidinae, Chaitophorinae, Eriosomatinae and Lachninae) of the family Aphididae. Among these, Dysaphis radicola meridialis Shaposhnikov, 1964 collected from the roots of Rumex sp. (Polygonaceae) is a new subspecies record for the aphid fauna of Turkey from Canakkale. The new host records for Turkey are Ajuga orientalis L. (Lamiaceae) on Aulacorthum (Aulacorthum) solani (Kaltenbach, 1843), Cynoglossum creticum Mill. (Boraginaceae) on Acyrthosiphon (Acyrthosiphon) malvae (Mosley, 1841) and Tragopogon porrifolius L. (Asteraceae) on Trama (Neotrama) caudata Del Guercio, 1909. Also, body measurements, diagnostic features, illustrations, distribution and biology are given for the new aphid records. With this contribution, the number of aphids in the fauna of Turkey has reached to 541 species and 14 subspecies.
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    Biodiversity of the natural enemies of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Northwest Turkey
    (Springer, 2020) Kok, Sahin; Tomanovic, Zeljko; Nedeljkovic, Zorica; Senal, Derya; Kasap, Ismail
    In the present study, the natural enemies of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their host plants including herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees were analysed to reveal their biodiversity and disclose tritrophic associations in different habitats of the South Marmara region of northwest Turkey. As a result of field surveys, 58 natural enemy species associated with 43 aphids on 58 different host plants were identified in the region between March of 2017 and November of 2018. In 173 tritrophic natural enemy-aphid-host plant interactions including association records new for Europe and Turkey, there were 21 representatives of the family Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), 14 of the family Syrphidae (Diptera) and 15 of the subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera), as well as eight other generalist natural enemies. In these interactions, a total of 37 aphid-natural enemy associations-including 19 associations of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) with natural enemies, 16 associations of Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) with natural enemies and two associations of Aphis craccivora Koch with natural enemies-were detected on Medicago sativa L. during the sampling period. Similarly, 12 associations of Myzus cerasi (Fabricius) with natural enemies were revealed on Prunus avium (L.), along with five associations of Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) with natural enemies (including mostly parasitoid individuals) on Brassica oleracea L. Also in the study, reduviids of the species Zelus renardii (Kolenati) are reported for the first time as new potential aphid biocontrol agents in Turkey. The results of field surveys show that the natural enemies of aphids have high biodiversity, which should be considered in the management of biological pest control.
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    Biological control of the citrus red mite Panonychus citri by the predator mite Typhlodromus athiasae on two citrus cultivars under greenhouse conditions
    (Springer, 2011) Kasap, Ismail
    This study examined the efficacy of the predatory mite Typhlodromus athiasae Porath and Swirski (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a biological control agent of the citrus red mite Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) on seedlings of Washington and Valencia citrus cultivars at 1:10, 1:20 and 1:40 predator:prey release ratios under greenhouse conditions. At predator:prey ratios of 1:10, significant reductions on P. citri populations were observed one week after release of T. athiasae, and populations remained at low levels thereafter. The highest mean numbers of P. citri were found in the third week on the Washington cultivar and in the fourth week on Valencia, in a control group with no predators. This study demonstrates the potential of T. athiasae to effectively control P. citri on Washington and Valencia cultivars under greenhouse conditions at predator:prey ratios of 1:10. However, T. athiasae was unable to control the citrus red mite populations when the predator:prey ratio was reduced to 1:40. We therefore recommend a release ratio of 1:10 for effective control of P. citri in greenhouses on seedlings of Washington and Valencia citrus.
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    Biological control of twospotted spider mites [Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)] using Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseidae) at different ratios of release on field-grown tomatos
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2020) Tiftikci, Papatya; Kok, Sahin; Kasap, Ismail
    In the present study, the effectiveness and optimum release times of the phytoseiid mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseidae) at release ratios of 1:10, 1:20 and 1:40 predator:prey were evaluated to reveal its potential for biological control of twospotted spider mites [Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)] on tomato field in the canakkale province of Northwest Turkey. After release of the predators and prey in the second crop production period, counting was carried out by sampling of tomato leaves for a period of 8 weeks. P. persimilis released at ratios of 1:10 and 1:20 predator:prey significantly suppressed T. urticae and remained on the tomoto leaves during sampling. At release ratios 1:10 and 1:20 predator:prey, T. urticae populations on tomato reached 76.0 +/- 17.9 and 39.4 +/- 7.3 per leaf, repectively, and decreased by half after 8 weeks. Our results indicate that P. persimilis can be released for the effective control of mites from the mid-August to the beginning of September on tomato in the study region. Also, it is concluded that the release of P. persimilis on tomato grown as the second crop will have a higher potential for biological control of T. urticae.
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    Consumption rate and functional response of the predaceous mite Kampimodromus aberrans to two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae in the laboratory
    (Springer, 2011) Kasap, Ismail; Atlihan, Remzi
    Prey stage preference of female Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans) (Phytoseiidae) at constant densities of different stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae), functional response types and parameters of the predator females to the varying densities of eggs, larvae, protonymphs and deutonymps of T. urticae were determined in order to establish its potential for the mite biological control. Experiments were conducted at 25 +/- A 1A degrees C, 65 +/- A 10% RH and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Our results indicated that the predator consumed significantly more prey larvae than other prey stages. Functional response type of predator was determined by a logistic regression model. The predator exhibited a Type II response on all prey stages. The attack rate (alpha) and handling time (T (h) ) coefficients of a Type II response were estimated by fitting a random-predator equation to the data. The lowest estimated value alpha and the highest value of T (h) (including digestion) were obtanined for the predator feeding on deutonmph. The lowest value of T (h) were obtained for the predator feeding on prey larvae, but the attack rate value obtained on larva wasn't different than that obtained on egg and protonymph. According to our results, K. aberrans could be an efficient biological control agent of T. urticae at least at low prey densities. However, further field based studies are needed to draw firm conclusions.
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    Effect of Fungatol and Gamma-T-ol from Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel on Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
    (Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2016) Kasap, Ismail; Kok, Sahin; Hassan, Errol
    In this study, the effect of Fungatol and Gamma-T-ol extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel (Myrtaceae) on Aphis gossypii Glover and Tetranychus urticae Koch was determined using leaf dipping method. In laboratory tests, the leaf discs (50 mm diameter) taken from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and were dipped in five different concentrations of Fungatol (1.25, 1.90, 2.20, 2.50 and 3.50%) and Gamma-T-ol (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 3.60%) for 5 s. The tests were repeated five times. Mortality was recorded after 1, 24, 48 h in tests with A. gossypii adult females and after 1, 24, 48, 72 h in tests with T. urticae adult females. After 1, 24 and 48 h, the highest concentrations of Fungatol (3.50%) and Gamma-T-ol (3.60%) had caused 0, 18, 42% and 0, 20, 48.9% mortality of A. gossypii, respectively. After 1, 24, 48 and 72 h the same concentrations of these extracts had caused 0, 52, 74, 94% and 0, 52, 78, 93.3% mortality of T. urticae adult females, respectively. The results showed that Fungatol and Gamma-T-ol extracts offer good potential to be used to control A. gossypii and T. urticae. Their use in pest management could be considered after validation in the field.
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    Effect of pollen with different predator release ratios on biological control of Tetranychus urticae by the predaceous mite Kampimodromus aberrans
    (Systematic & Applied Acarology Soc London, Natural History Museum, 2019) Kasap, Ismail
    The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of birch pollen (Betula pendula Roth.) on the efficacy of the predatory mite Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a biological control agent for the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) at different predator release ratios. The experiments were conducted on apple cv. Golden Delicious at 1:5, 1:15 and 1:30 predator-prey release ratios in a climate room (25 +/- 2 degrees C, 65 +/- 10% RH and 16:8 L:D). The predatory mites were also offered pollen grains daily (0.5-0.10 mg/leaf) on the apple seedling during the experiments. One week after the release of K. aberrans, significant reductions in T. urticae density were observed at a ratio of 1:5; and the density remained at low levels thereafter, especially in the pollen experiments. The highest mean numbers of T. urticae in the control group (no predator release) were observed in week 3 with 4067 mites per leaf and 4922 mites per leaf, respectively for the pollen and no pollen application plots. This study demonstrates the potential of K. aberrans to effectively control T. urticae at ratios of 1:5 and 1:15 within three weeks, especially at a ratio of 1:5 when the pollen was added. Furthermore, releasing K. aberrans at the appropriate time and ratio enabled more successful control of T. urticae populations and plant damage, and subsequently kept the mites at low levels.
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    Effect of temperature on the life history and development of Typhlodromus athiasae Porath and Swirski (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a predator of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
    (Systematic & Applied Acarology Soc London, Natural History Museum, 2023) Kasap, Ismail; Kok, Sahin; Pehlivan, Serkan
    The present study determined the effects of different temperatures on the life history parameters an d development of Typhlodromus athiasae Porath and Swirski (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for the first time. The stu dy was conducted at 20, 25 and 30 degrees C and the predators fed on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) under laboratory conditions. Our results show that temperature significantly affected pre-adult and adult durations of T. athiasae. The adult longevity was calculated as 47.90, 22.88, 19.50 days for females, 26.11, 19.90, 20.46 days for males at 20, 25 and 30 degrees C, respectively. The adult females of T. athiasae laid 15.80 (eggs/ female), 17.20 (eggs/female) and 12.38 (eggs/female) eggs at the respective temperatures tested. The highest net reproductive rate (R0= 8.90 offspring/individual) determined at 25 degrees C but no significant difference was foun d among the other temperatures. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r= 0.12 day-1) was observed at 25 degrees C an d 30 degrees C. Although the highest finite rate of increase (lambda= 1.13 day-1) was determined at 25 degrees C, no significant difference was observed between this temperature and 30 degrees C. Also, the shortest mean generation time (T=14.9 7 day) was obtained at 30 degrees C whereas the longest mean generation time (T=28.39 day) was observed at 20 degrees C. Ou r results revealed that 25 degrees C was more suitable for mass production even if the female and male of T. athiasae survived and reproduced at all temperatures. Consequently, our present results and the data to be obtained in greenhouse and field conditions will reveal the potential of T. athiasae as a biological control agent of T. urticae.
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    Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against the Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in tomato field
    (Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2015) Gozel, Cigdem; Kasap, Ismail
    The tomato leafminer, Tuta absolute (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a very challenging pest that causes economical losses in tomato production. This devastating pest originated from South America was the first time detected in Izmir province of Turkey in August 2009. The efficacy of the infective juveniles (IJs) of four native entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species, Steinernema affine (Bovien) (isolate 46), S. carpocapsae (Weiser) (isolate 1133), S. feltiae (Filipjev) (isolate 879) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) (isolate 1144) was investigated against the larvae of T. absolute in the field during the tomato production seasons of 2012-2013 in canakkale. Individuals of T. absolute were collected from infested tomato fields in canakkale and mass produced on tomato plants in a climate controlled room. EPNs were isolated from different parts of Turkey and mass produced by using Galleria mellonella larvae in the laboratory. The tomato leaf miners were exposed to each nematode species at the rate of 50 IJs/cm(2) on tomato plants in cages. T. absolute were susceptible to all EPNs tested but the degree of susceptibility of the larvae to EPN infection varied according to the species. The most effective nematode species on T. absolute larvae was S. feltiae (isolate 879) with 90.7% and 94.3% mortality in 2012 and 2013, respectively, whereas the least effective species was S. affine (isolate 46) with 39.3% and 43.7% mortality in 2012 and 2013, respectively. EPNs can be potential canditates to control tomato leafminer, so the integration possibility of these biological agents into the T. absolute management programme is discussed.
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    Efficacy of Native Entomopathogenic Nematodes on the Larvae of Tomato Leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
    (Galenos Publ House, 2020) Gozel, Cigdem; Kasap, Ismail; Gozel, Ugur
    This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of native entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs); Steinemema affine 46 (Bovien, 1937), S. feltiae 879 (Filipjev, 1934), S. carpocapsae 1133 (Weiser, 1955) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 1144 (Poinar, 1976) on the larvae of tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Bioassays were conducted in the laboratory at four different temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 25 +/- 1 degrees C) in the plates and 30 infective juveniles (IJs) were inoculated to a single T. absoluta larva for each nematode species. After nematode inoculation, larvae were checked on the 3rd, 5th, 7th days and mortalities were recorded. All nematode species used in the study showed the lowest efficacy on the 3rd control day at 10 degrees C and the highest efficacy on the 7th day at 25 degrees C. S. feltiae 879 was found as the most efficient species with the highest mortality (91.67%) among EPNs used in the study. The results proved that T. absoluta larvae are highly susceptible to EPNs and the control of the pest by EPNs on this stage is successful.
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    Influence of Temperature on Life Table Parameters of the Predaceous Mite Euseius finlandicus (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2009) Kasap, Ismail
    This study determined the differences in development time, survival, and fecundity of Euseius finlandicus (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) when feeding an Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) together with birch pollen at 16, 20, 25, and 30 1 degrees C. 65 +/- 10% RH, and 16:8 photoperiod under laboratory conditions. Total development times for E. finlandicus were 29.48, 18.15, 7.28, and 5.90 days for females and 28.16, 17.54, 7.03, and 5.81 days for males at 16, 20, 25, and 30 +/- 1 degrees C, respectively. Total egg production was highest (30.53 eggs) at 25 degrees C, whereas daily egg production was highest (1.80 eggs) at 30 degrees C. Female longevity was 74.39, 58.93, 28.05, and 16.67 days at 16, 20, 25, and 30 1 degrees C, respectively. The development threshold for eggs and egg to adult stages were 13.78 degrees C and 13.22 degrees C for females and 13.72 degrees C and 13.10 degrees C for males, respectively. Females and males required 95.24 and 94.34 degree-days, respectively, to became adult. Euseius finlandicus had the highest intrinsic rate of increase (r-), 0.220 females/female/day at 30 degrees C, followed by 0.165 females/female/day at 25 degrees C, 0.064 females/female/day at 20 degrees C. and 0.033 females/female/day at 16 degrees C.
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    Insect fauna of walnut orchards in Van lake river basin
    (Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2011) Atlihan, Remzi; Ozgokce, M. Salih; Kaydan, M. Bora; Kasap, Ismail; Kilincer, Neset; Kiyak, Suat; Polat, Evin
    This study was carried out to determine insect pests and their natural enemies in walnut orchards in Van lake basin in 2005-2006. Steiner funnel, visual observation and rearing method were used for samplings. As a result, 29 phytophagous species belonging to 11 different families and 21 beneficial insect species belonging to 6 families were determined. It was observed that Cydia pomonella (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was the economically important pest, and Panaphis juglandis (Goeze, 1778) (Hemiptera: Callaphididae) had remarkable population level. Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Adalia fasciatopuncata revelierei (Mulsant, 1866) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were the most common and widely distributed species among natural enemies obtained.
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    Interactions of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with their primary and secondary host plants in orchards in ?anakkale Province, Turkey
    (Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2022) Kok, Sahin; Kasap, Ismail
    This study aimed to reveal the interactions of aphids with their primary hosts (pome and stone fruit trees) and secondary hosts (herbaceous plants) in and around orchards in the ??anakkale Province in northwestern Turkey between April-September from 2020 to 2021. Thirty-eight aphid species belonging to 18 genera from two subfamilies, Aphidinae and Calaphidinae, of Aphididae in the order Hemiptera were identified on 53 host plants. Also, 92 aphid-primary-secondary host plant interactions, including several new host plant records for some aphid species in Turkey were revealed in the orchards. Of these hosts, Ballota sp. (Lamiaceae), Carduus pycnocephalus L. (Asteraceae), Conyza sp. (Asteraceae), Diplotaxis sp. (Brassicaceae), Echium plantagineum L. (Boraginaceae), Galium sp. (Rubiaceae), Geranium columbinum L. (Geraniaceae), Papaver rhoeas L. (Papaveraceae), Ranunculus muricatus L. (Ranunculaceae) and Scandix pecten-veneris L. (Apiaceae) are determined as new host plants for some aphids in Turkey. It is believed that the new data on the interactions of aphids with their primary and secondary hosts in orchards will support both a better understanding of the biology of fruit pest aphids and the development of new strategies for the control of aphid pests.
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    Interactions of predatory coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in pome and stone fruit orchards of Çanakkale Province
    (Plant Protection Central Research Institute, 2022) Kök, Şahin; Kasap, Ismail
    This study revealed the tritrophic interactions of predatory coccinellids-host aphids-host plants on pome and stone fruit trees and herbaceous plants in fruit orchards of Çanakkale Province, Turkey. Field sampling was done during the spring and summer seasons in 2020 and 2021. Twelve predatory species belonging to eight genera from the family Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) were found interacting with eleven host aphids from the family Aphididae (Hemiptera) on eight host plants. A total of 33 tritrophic interactions of predatory coccinellids-host aphids-host plants were revealed on the pome and stone fruit orchards in the Çanakkale Province. From the predators, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) associated with seven aphids was the most common coccinellid, followed by Oenopia conglobata (L.) which was associated with six aphids. From the aphids, Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach) was the most common species; it was associated with ten different predatory coccinellids. Also, from the host plants, the highest number of the interactions of predatory coccinellids-host aphids were revealed on Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae) and Prunus domestica L. (Rosaceae) in the pome and stone fruit orchards of Çanakkale Province. As a result, it is considered that the tritrophic interactions of predatory coccinellids-host aphids-host plants should be better understood to increase the success of biological control of pest aphids on the fruit orchards. © 2022, Plant Protection Central Research Institute. All rights reserved.
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    Investigation of the synergistic effect of two predatory mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae), in the biological control of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Yasar, Ipek; Koek, Sahin; Kasap, Ismail
    Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a polyphagous pest that causes significant economic losses in multiple crop plants. Controlling T. urticae often involves intensive acaricide applications. The use of acaricides also significantly affects human health and ecosystem diversity due to residues and toxic effects in agricultural products. In this study, the efficacy of two predatory mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae), was determined against T. urticae when released as single species and when both species were released together on tomato plants under greenhouse conditions during autumn 2022. The study found that the highest T. urticae density per leaf, with 40.88 +/- 0.79 individuals (eggs + motile) in the control group, was reached at the eighth week. In the same week, the highest impact on T. urticae, with 7.57 +/- 0.42 individuals (eggs + motile), was observed in the treatment group where P. persimilis + A. swirskii were used together, compared to the untreated. According to the current results, the combined use of two predatory species (P. persimilis and A. swirskii) has been found to significantly suppress the population of T. urticae.