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    Rhythms of serum melatonin in rats with acute spinal cord injury at the cervical and thoracic regions
    (Nature Publishing Group, 2010) Gezici, A. R.; Karakas, A.; Ergun, R.; Gunduz, B.
    Objective: To evaluate the serum melatonin levels in acute period of the spinal cord injury (SCI) caused by trauma in the rats. Background: Traumatic SCI induces many types of physiological and pathological damage, including hormonal level variations. Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into four groups. In the control group, neither laminectomy nor SCI were performed; only a large laminectomy was performed without SCI in the sham group. In the cervical and thoracic spinal trauma groups, laminectomies at C5-6 and a T6-7 were performed, respectively, followed by clip compression of the spinal cord. Blood samples were drawn 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after the procedures and assayed immediately. Results: The levels of melatonin in the neurotrauma groups were high in the first 2 h, but at the end of sixth hour, melatonin levels increased in sham-operated group, decreased in neurotrauma groups and did not change in control group. At the 12th hour, melatonin levels continued to decrease in thoracic group significantly. At the 24th hour, the melatonin levels decreased in the cervical, control and sham groups, whereas melatonin levels increased in the thoracic group. Conclusions: The present study revealed that (1) activation of endogen melatonin secretion of the organism starts immediately after the SCI, but it shows a great lowering trend between 2 and 6h post-SCI, (2) the tetraplegic rats, which had complete injuries at the lower cervical spinal cord, could not produce enough melatonin secretion; on the contrary, the paraplegic rats, which had complete injury at the upper thoracic spinal cord, showed normal melatonin secretion. Spinal Cord (2010) 48, 10-14; doi:10.1038/sc.2009.73; published online 23 June 2009
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    THE EFFECT OF PINEALECTOMY, MELATONIN AND LEPTIN HORMONES ON OVARIAN FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT IN FEMALE SYRIAN HAMSTERS (MESOCRICETUS AURATUS)
    (Akademiai Kiado Zrt, 2010) Karakas, A.; Kaya, Aliye; Gunduz, B.
    We studied the effects of melatonin and leptin hormones on ovarian follicular development in intact and pinealectomized female Syrian hamsters. We first monitored the oestrous cycle of the hamsters by the vaginal smear samples throughout a ten day period to start the injections simultaneously in all groups and performed saline, melatonin and leptin hormone injection groups for both control and pinealectomized hamsters. Then the injections were applied for four days starting the oestrus phase of the cycle and the ovaries were removed for preparation of histological analysis. We measured the diameters and the numbers of the follicles and we classified the follicles according to the number of the granulosa cell layer. Leptin hormone injection increased melatonin hormone injection decreased the number and the diameter of the follicles. The stimulating effect of the leptin hormone was more pronounced in the pinealectomized group. The results of the present study indicate that the removal of the pineal gland and leptin hormone administration are playing a stimulatory while melatonin hormone administration is playing an inhibitory role on the follicular development in female Syrian hamsters.
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    Update on treatment options for spinal brucellosis
    (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2014) Ulu-Kilic, A.; Karakas, A.; Erdem, H.; Turker, T.; Inal, A.S.; Ak, O.; Turan, H.
    We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of antibiotic regimens and optimal duration of therapy in complicated and uncomplicated forms of spinal brucellosis. This is a multicentre, retrospective and comparative study involving a total of 293 patients with spinal brucellosis from 19 health institutions. Comparison of complicated and uncomplicated spinal brucellosis was statistically analysed. Complicated spinal brucellosis was diagnosed in 78 (26.6%) of our patients. Clinical presentation was found to be significantly more acute, with fever and weight loss, in patients in the complicated group. They had significantly higher leukocyte and platelet counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates and C-reactive protein levels, and lower haemoglobulin levels. The involvement of the thoracic spine was significantly more frequent in complicated cases. Spondylodiscitis was complicated, with paravertebral abscess in 38 (13.0%), prevertebral abscess in 13 (4.4%), epidural abscess in 30 (10.2%), psoas abscess in 10 (3.4%) and radiculitis in 8 (2.7%) patients. The five major combination regimens were: doxycycline 200 mg/day, rifampicin 600 mg/day and streptomycin 1 g/day; doxycycline 200 mg/day, rifampicin 600 mg/day and gentamicin 5 mg/kg; doxycycline 200 mg/day and rifampicin 600 mg/day; doxycycline 200 mg/day and streptomycin 1 g/day; and doxycycline 200 mg/day, rifampicin 600 mg/day and ciprofloxacin 1 g/day. There were no significant therapeutic differences between these antibiotic groups; the results were similar regarding the complicated and uncomplicated groups. Patients were mostly treated with doxycycline and rifampicin with or without an aminoglycoside. In the former subgroup, complicated cases received antibiotics for a longer duration than uncomplicated cases. Early recognition of complicated cases is critical in preventing devastating complications. Antimicrobial treatment should be prolonged in complicated spinal brucellosis in particular. © 2013 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.