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    Analyses of Seismic Deformation at the Kibyra Roman Stadium, Southwest Turkey
    (Wiley, 2013) Karabacak, Volkan; Yonlu, Onder; Doku, Eray; Kiyak, Nafiye Gunec; Altunel, Erhan; Ozudogru, Sukru; Yalciner, Cahit Caglar
    The ancient city of Kibyra in southwest Turkey has the potential to reveal the location and date of historical earthquakes. The most compelling evidence for earthquake faulting is observed in the city's Roman stadium. Damage related to seismic shaking is characterized by systematically collapsed columns, dilated and collapsed walls, and by rotated and displaced blocks in the stadium. Detailed archaeoseismological observations suggest that Kibyra was affected by earthquakes that were also recorded in historical earthquake catalogs. Although there is no historical record of a large earthquake after the 5th century A.D., Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of deposits under the collapsed blocks suggests a later seismic event. OSL results indicate that another large event occurred in southwest Turkey, probably around the 10-11th century A.D., and caused extensive damage (I-o = VIII-IX) to the Kibyra stadium.
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    Application of GPR to normal faults in the Buyuk Menderes Graben, western Turkey
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2013) Yalciner, Cahit Caglar; Altunel, Erhan; Bano, Maksim; Meghraoui, Mustapha; Karabacak, Volkan; Akyuz, H. Serdar
    Paleoseismology documents past surface-rupturing earthquakes that occurred on faults. This study is limited by the scarcity data on geomorphic and sedimentary environments that may preserve adequate records of deposition, erosion, and fault slip markers. Identifying relevant trenching sites can be difficult when a fault is buried or its surface expression has been eroded since the last tectonic motion. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an effective tool for locating suitable sites for trenching. Characteristic reflections are produced by boundaries between elements with contrasting electrical properties, such as grain size distribution (sorting, clay content, etc.), porosity, and water content. GPR is capable of resolving faults by imaging offset stratigraphic reflectors or reflections from the fault plane. GPR surveys were performed at two sites along the Buyuk Menderes Graben (western Turkey) to precisely locate the normal fault zone; there is no clear evidence of surface rupture at these sites. We used 250 and 500 MHz antennas for receiving the GPR data. From the GPR measurements, we determined locations suitable for paleoseismic investigations and performed a trenching study across the fault plane. The comparison of the GPR results and the trenching study indicates a good correlation between these methods. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Holocene Activity of Kutahya Fault Zone
    (Tmmob Jeoloji Muhendisleri Odasi, 2012) Altinok, Sevgi; Karabacak, Volkan; Yalciner, Cahit Caglar; Bilgen, A. Nejat; Altunel, Erhan; Kiyak, Nafiye Gunec
    Kutahya Basin which is located near the northeast boundary of the Western Anatolia Extension Region is a depression area that extends in WNW-ESE direction. Southern margin of the basin is bounded by a distinct fault morphology called Kutahya Fault Zone. Geological, geomorphological and geophysical studies on the Kutahya Fault Zone show that this zone consists of 5 different fault branches. Total length of the mapped fault zone is about 22 km in N50-70W direction. Paleoseismological and archeoseismological studies show that there are at least two surface rupturing earthquakes during the last 8000 years. First earthquake was occurred around 6000 BC and the last one was around 1800 B.C. after which the Seyitomer Tell was abandoned. Thus, this study indicates that the Kutahya Fault Zone has produced destructive earthquakes during Holocene and considering the length of the fault zone, it is possible to suggest that the fault zone has earthquake potential at least 6.5 magnitude.
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    Kütahya fay zonu'nun Holosen aktivitesi
    (2012) Altınok, Sevgi; Karabacak, Volkan; Yalçıner, Cahit Çağlar; Bilgen, A. Nejat; Altunel, Erhan; Kayak, Nafiye Güneç
    Batı Anadolu Açılma Bölgesinin kuzeydoğu sınırında bulunan Kütahya Havzası BKB-DGD doğrultusunda uzanan bir çöküntü alanıdır ve güney kenarı belirgin bir morfoloji ile Kütahya Fay Zonu tarafından sınırlanmaktadır. Kütahya Fay Zonu boyunca jeolojik, jeomorfolojik ve jeofizik verilerden yararlanılarak yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda bu zonun, kuzey bloğun düştüğü normal fay geometrisine sahip 5 ayrı uzanımdan oluştuğu ve K50-70B doğrultusunda yaklaşık 22 km uzunluğa sahip olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Paleosismolojik ve arkeosismolojik çalışmalar ise bu uzanım boyunca son 8000 yıl içinde yüzey kırığı oluşturan en az iki depremin meydana geldiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu depremlerden ilki M.Ö. 6000li yıllarda, sonuncusu ise M.Ö. 1800lü yıllarda Seyitömer Höyüğünde hasar oluşturan ve höyüğün terk edilmesine neden olan depremdir. Dolayısıyla, bu çalışmalar Kütahya Havzasının güneyini sınırlayan Kütahya Fay Zonunun Holosende tekrarlanan yıkıcı depremler ürettiğini ve geometrisi gözönünde bulundurulduğunda gelecekte de en az 6.5 büyüklüğünde deprem üretme potansiyeli bulunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
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    Offset archaeological relics in the western part of the Buyuk Menderes graben (western Turkey) and their tectonic implications
    (Geological Soc Amer Inc, 2010) Yonlu, Onder; Altunel, Erhan; Karabacak, Volkan; Akyuz, Serdar; Yalciner, Caglar
    The Buyuk Menderes graben is one of the most important active tectonic structures of western Anatolia. The graben extends for a distance of similar to 150 km between the Denizli Basin in the east and the Aegean Sea in the west, where its trend changes to NE-SW. The main active faults are located along the northern margin of the graben, some of which have been reactivated in surface-rupturing earthquakes during the twentieth century and the historical period. Detailed investigations along the NE-SW-trending part of the Buyuk Menderes graben showed that archaeological relics have been faulted by surface ruptures during the large historical earthquakes. The ancient city of Priene and an Ottoman bridge are located along the northwestern margin of the graben to the southwest of Soke and in Sazlikoy, respectively. Field observations and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) studies at both sites show that faulting has a normal component with considerable right-lateral movement. Offset archaeological features at both Priene and the Ottoman bridge are evidence for the reactivation of the graben boundary faults in the past 2000 yr. At Priene, a N-S-trending street wall is offset by 21 cm vertically and 10 cm dextrally, the eastern wall of the gymnasium is offset by 8 cm vertically, and the floor blocks of the agora are displaced by 26 cm vertically and 13 cm dextrally. The Ottoman bridge displays 76 cm vertical and 43 cm dextral offset to the southeast, which probably occurred during the 1846 earthquake.
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    Reply to Comment on Analyses of Seismic Deformation at the Kibyra Roman Stadium, Southwest Turkey
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2014) Karabacak, Volkan; Yonlu, Onder; Doku, Eray; Kiyak, Nafiye Gunenc; Altunel, Erhan; Ozudogru, Sukru; Yalciner, Cahit Caglar
    In their comment, Elitez and Yaltirak (2013) criticize our paper (Karabacak et al. 2013) by arguing that it contains misinterpretations and unreliable data for a fault cutting the Roman Stadium in the ancient city of Kibyra. However their comments are not based on strong arguments to disprove our geological and archeological field observations or previous data. Here we present additional data supported by new figures which validate the faulting both in the bedrock and in the stadium floor. We reject their comments and uphold our original viewpoint on the faulting at the Stadium. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.