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    Nitrogen excretion patterns and postprandial ammonia profiles in Black Sea turbot (Scophthalmus Maeoticus) under controlled conditions
    (Society Of Israeli Aquaculture & Marine Biotechnology, 2005) Yigit, M; Erdem, M; Aral, O; Karaali, B
    Measurements of the rate of nitrogenous excretion were carried out in two batches of young Black Sea turbot (small 42 g, large 72 g) at 12 +/- 1 degrees C under natural light conditions (10 h light:14 In dark and 13 h light: 11 h dark, respectively). The ammonia nitrogen excretion rates of fish starved for 48 hours were 0.20 +/- 0.05 mg-N for the small fish and 0.18 +/- 0.09 mg-N/100g fish/h for the large. Fish were then fed a pellet diet containing 8.3% nitrogen at average rations of 0.67% and 0.59% of the body weight, respectively, for four days. On the fourth day, ammonia nitrogen excretion rates were evaluated. In both batches, the rates were 2-3 times higher immediately after feeding than in the starved fish, reaching a peak 3-6 hours after feeding and declining afterwards. For the small and large fish, respectively, 21% and 20% of the consumed nitrogen was excreted as ammonia nitrogen, 6% and 7% as urea nitrogen, and 8% and 4% as feces nitrogen within 24 hours after feeding.
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    Potential of poultry by-product meal as a substitute for fishmeal in diets for Black Sea turbot Scophthalmus maeoticus: Growth and nutrient utilization in winter
    (Israeli Journal Of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 2005) Turker, A; Yigit, M; Ergun, S; Karaali, B; Erteken, A
    The use of poultry by-product meal as an alternate dietary protein for Black Sea turbot Scophthalmus maeoticus (initial avg wt 18 g) in winter was evaluated. Triplicate groups of 15 fish were fed one of five isoenergetic (gross energy 20.5 +/- 0.21 kJ/g) and isonitrogenous (protein content 55 +/- 0.35%) diets with 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of the fishmeal protein replaced by poultry by-product protein. White fishmeal was the sole protein source in the control diet. There was no significant (p < 0.05) reduction in growth performance of the turbot fed the 25% replacement diet compared to the control diet (100% fishmeal). At the replacement levels of 50%, 75%, and 100%, however, there was a severe decrease in feed intake, growth performance, feed utilization, protein efficiency ratio, and apparent net protein utilization. Results indicate that up to 25% of the fishmeal protein can be replaced by poultry by-product meal with no negative effects in fish performance at temperatures ranging 6-8 degrees C.
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    Using ammonia nitrogen excretion rates as an index for evaluating protein quality of prawns in turbot (Psetta maeotica) nutrition
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2005) Yigit, M; Ergün, S; Türker, A; Karaali, B; Bilgin, S
    Total ammonia nitrogen excretion rates were measured in Black Sea turbot (averaging 88.8 g) to compare the protein quality of prawns, the natural food of turbot, with that of the protein source commonly used in the feed industry, i.e. anchovy meal. Two different prawn species (Baltic prawn, Palaemon adspersus, and rockpool prawn, Palaemon elegans) were offered to fish as wet feed at 17.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C and a salinity of 17 ppt. Furthermore, for determination of the effects of wet feed and dry feed on the peak times of ammonia nitrogen excretion rates, another experimental group of fish was offered a commercial dry diet with anchovy meal as a single protein source. The ammonia nitrogen excretion rate in both groups fed prawns peaked 3 h after feeding, while the peak of the excretion rate of fish fed the dry diet was delayed up to 6 h after feeding. Cumulative ammonia nitrogen excretion rates as well as the excretion as a proportion of ingested nitrogen were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fish fed prawns than those in fish fed the dry diet. Significantly lower excretion levels in the prawn groups might be a reflection of the protein quality of these species, which may be higher than that of the anchovy meal for turbot nutrition.