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    Effects of metformin on lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation by activating fibroblast growth factor 21
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022) Kar, Ezgi; Alataş, Özkan; Şahintürk, Varol; Öz, Semih
    Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria that produces endotoxemia, which may cause septic shock. Metformin (MET) is a widely used hypoglycemic drug that exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine polypeptide that affects glucose and lipid metabolism, and also possesses anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated the effects of MET and FGF21 on inflammation due to LPS induced endotoxemia in male rats. Animals were divided into five groups: control, LPS, pre-MET LPS, LPS + 1 h MET and LPS + 3 h MET. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, FGF2, interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha were measured. Malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase and FGF21 levels were measured in liver tissue samples. Histopathology of all groups was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. LPS caused severe inflammatory liver damage. MET exhibited a partially protective effect and reduced inflammation significantly. FGF21 is produced in the liver following inflammation and MET may increase its production.
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    Increased insulin secretion suppresses cortisol levels, exacerbates inflammation and beta-cell dysfunction Increased insulin resistance with cortisol levels and HOMA- beta
    (Bayrakol Medical Publishing, 2021) Kocatürk, Evin; Kar, Ezgi; Kiraz, Zeynep Kuşku; Alatas, I. Ozkan
    Aim: The role of inflammatory mechanisms in the formation of insulin resistance (IR), diabetes and metabolic syndrome has been widely discussed in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between IR and pancreatic β-cell function with hematological inflammatory markers and cortisol levels. Material and Methods: Four hundred fifteen adult patients whose samples were accepted to the laboratory between the hours of 08:00-12:00; leukocyte, neu-trophil and lymphocyte count, mean platelet volume (MPV), insulin, glucose, and cortisol levels were examined retrospectively. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-IR and HOMA-β values were calculated according to the collected data. The patients were divided into two groups: with (HOMA-IR≥2.5) and without IR (HOMA-IR<2.5). All data were statistically evaluated using the SPSS package program. Results: A statistically significant difference was found in cortisol levels (p=0.003), leukocyte (p<0.001), neutrophil (p<0.001), lymphocyte counts (p=0.003) and NLR (p=0.011) between the groups. However, there was no significant difference between the MPV levels. Both HOMA-IR and HOMA-β showed a weak positive correlation with leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts and showed a negative correlation with cortisol levels. There was a weak positive correlation between NLR levels and HOMA-IR. Although there was a negative correlation between cortisol with insulin and NLR levels, no significant correlation was found between cortisol and glucose, neutrophil-lymphocyte count. Discussion: The significant increase in hematological inflammatory cells in patients with IR suggests that inflammatory mechanisms may have produced insulin resistance. The increase in insulin levels and suppression of cortisol levels may play a role in the progression of inflammation.
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    Insulin resistance and pancreatic ? cell dysfunction are associated with thyroid hormone functions: A cross-sectional hospital-based study in Turkey
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Kocaturk, Evin; Kar, Ezgi; Kiraz, Zeynep Kusku; Alatas, Ozkan
    Background and aims: The prevalence of thyroid disease in diabetic patients is significantly higher than the general population. This indicates a possible interaction between thyroid functions and insulin sensitivity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between insulin resistance (IR), pancreatic beta cell function, and thyroid function tests. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with adults who applied to Eskisehir Osmangazi University Hospital for general control. Fasting insulin, glucose, TSH, fT3, and fT4 levels in the serum of 1340 adult (18-60 aged) patients without any chronic diseases were examined retrospectively. The fT3/fT4 ratio, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and HOMA-beta values were calculated. The correlation between HOMA-IR and HOMA-beta values with thyroid function tests and differences between hormone levels of patients with and without IR were evaluated. Results: There was a positive correlation between HOMA-IR and TSH, negative with fT4. Also, a positive correlation between HOMA-beta and fT3, negative correlation with fT4 were observed. In the IR group, fT3 levels were found significantly higher and fT4 levels were significantly lower. TSH levels were higher in the IR group but not statistically significant. The fT3/fT4 ratio was found significantly higher in the IR group and was correlated positively with both HOMA-IR and HOMA-beta. Conclusion: Our results revealed that thyroid dysfunction prevalence is quite high in adults who have not yet been diagnosed with diabetes but have insulin resistance and the onset of pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. (C) 2020 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.