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    Expression analysis of cell wall assembly and remodelling-related genes in Arabidopsis roots subjected to boron stress and brassinosteroid at different developmental stages
    (Soc Botanica Brasil, 2018) Iskil, Rabia; Surgun-Acar, Yonca
    Plant cell walls are affected by many biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) on some cell wall-related genes in root tissue of five- and ten-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana plants exposed to boron (B) deficiency (0 mu M) or toxicity (3000( )mu M) at the transcriptional level. Expressions of the genes that encode cellulose synthase (CESA1, CESA4, CESA6 and CESA8), cellulose synthase-like (CSLBS), expansin (EXPAS, EXPA8 and EXPA14) and cell wall protein (SEB1) decreased under conditions of B deficiency and toxicity. EBL treatments, in general, led the expressions of these genes to reduce significantly. Expressions of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes (XTH21 and XTH23) changed only under conditions of B toxicity. Boron stress and/or EBL treatments caused different responses in expression of pectin methylesterase (PME2 and PME41) genes. As a result of B stress, the expression levels of investigated genes changed more in roots of five-weekold plants than in roots of ten-week-old plants. Results of the present study include new findings that support the ability of BRs to increase molecular aspects of tolerance to stress in plants.
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    GENOTOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS (Zn, Cr, Pb) ON STRAWBERRY PLANTS USING RAPD ASSAY
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Surgun-Acar, Yonca; Iskil, Rabia; Ceylan, Keyser Betul; Ceylan, Yusuf
    The aim of the present study is to assess DNA damage in leaves of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) seedlings treated with different heavy metals (zinc, chromium, lead) using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay and analysis of total soluble protein content. For this purpose, strawberry seedlings were treated with 400 and 800 mu M Zn, Pb and Cr for 7 days. Thirty four RAPD primers produced 218 bands at molecular weight ranging from 183 bp to 5180 bp. Compared with control, RAPD patterns of heavy metal exposed groups showed differences in band loss, gain of new bands and increase and decrease of band intensity. The highest polymorphism rate (32.11%) was observed in 800 mu M Pb applied strawberry seedlings. To evaluate the alterations in RAPD profiles qualitatively, genomic template stability (GTS) was performed and the values were 75.08% and 69.59% for 400 and 800 mu M Zn treatments, 74.52% and 68.60% for 400 and 800 mu M Cr treatments, 70.11% and 63.78% for 400 and 800 mu M Pb treatments, respectively. Total soluble protein content in heavy metal-treated groups also showed a similar correlation to GTS values. RAPD analyses are useful biomarker assays to determine the genotoxicity induced by environmental pollutants such as heavy metals in plant model systems.
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    Mercury toxicity affects oxidative metabolism and induces stress responsive mechanisms in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
    (Springer, 2022) Iskil, Rabia; Surgun-Acar, Yonca; Catav, Sukru Serter; Zemheri-Navruz, Fahriye; Erden, Yavuz
    Mercury (Hg) toxicity is an increasing problem worldwide, with a negative impact on the environment and living organisms including both animals and plants. In this study, we analyzed molecular and biochemical changes related to Hg toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Seven-day-old seedlings were exposed to various concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mu M) of HgCl2 for 24 and 48 h. Our results showed that HgCl2 treatments led to an increase in the Hg content of wheat leaves in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, significant increases were observed in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and proline contents in response to Hg toxicity. While all HgCl2 treatments decreased the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the level of catalase (CAT) was reduced only in seedlings exposed to 5 mu M of HgCl2. Mercury stress caused a decline in the expression of Cu/Zn-SOD, Fe-SOD, TaWRKY19, and TaDREB1 genes at both exposure times. On the other hand, 10 and 20 mu M HgCl2 treatments caused significant induction (1.9 to 6.1-fold) in the expression of the CAT gene in wheat leaves. The mRNA level of the Mn-SOD and TaWRKY2 genes showed different patterns depending on the concentration and exposure period of HgCl2. In conclusion, the findings of this work demonstrate that Hg toxicity causes oxidative damage in wheat seedlings and changes the expression of some genes encoding WRKY and DREB transcription factor families, which have important functions in abiotic stress response.
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    The effect of 24-Epibrassinolide on gene expression related to cell walls under boron deficiency and toxicity in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana
    (Univ Belgrade, Inst Botany & Botanical Garden, 2022) Iskil, Rabia; Surgun-Acar, Yonca
    The changing composition of plant cell walls allows for the continuation of the existing structure under normal conditions and also the protection of physical integrity under altering environmental conditions. In this study, the possible effects of the 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) hormone under boron (B) deficiency and toxicity conditions on the expression of cell wall-related genes [cellulose synthase (CESA), expansin (EXP), xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and pectin methylesterase (PME)] were investigated in the rosette leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. For this purpose, 0 or 3000 mu M of boric acid (BA) and/or 1 mu M of EBL were applied to the plants which were grown in a hydroponic medium for five and ten weeks. While B-toxicity elevated the mRNA levels of the CESA4 and CESA8 genes in the leaves of the five-week-old plants, B-stress (B-deficiency and-toxicity) caused an increase in the expression of the CESA4, CESA6, and CESA8 genes in the ten -weekold plants. The transcript levels of the EXPA5 gene increased under B-stress in the ten-week-old plants whereas the expression of the EXPA8 gene decreased when compared to the control at two developmental stages. Co-treatment of EBL and B stress strongly elevated the transcript level of the EXPA5 gene in the ten-week-old plants and the EXPA8 gene at both developmental stages. The EXPA14 and XTH23 genes exhibited distinct expression profiles under B-deficiency and-toxicity in both the five-and ten-week-old plants. The transcript level of the XTH21 gene was upregulated in the leaves of the plants exposed to B-stress. The mRNA level of the PME2 and PME41 genes was generally upregulated in response to B-stress in both the five-and ten-week-old plants. 24-Epibrassinolide alone and in combination with B-stress led to a remarkable increase in the expression of the XTH and PME genes compared to the control. These results demonstrate that cell wall genes generally show a similar pattern of expression at both developmental stages and the EBL hormone induces changes in the expression levels of cell wall-related genes under B-stress.