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    24 January 2020 Sivrice (Elazig) earthquake damages and determination of earthquake parameters in the region
    (Techno-Press, 2020) Isik, Ercan; Aydin, Mehmet Cihan; Buyuksarac, Aydin
    The 24 January 2020 (Mw=6.8) earthquake with epicentre in Elazig (Sivrice) on the East Anatolian Fault Zone caused loss of life and property. The information was given about the seismotectonic setting and regional seismicity along this fault zone and aftershock activity and ground motion data of this earthquake. Earthquake parameters were obtained for five different earthquake stations which were closer to the epicentre. Horizontal and vertical design spectra were obtained for the geographic locations for each earthquake station. The obtained spectra for the earthquake epicentre were compared with selected appropriate attenuation relationships. The damages after earthquake were evaluated via geotechnical and structural aspects. This study also aims to investigate the cause-effect relationships between structural damage in reinforced-concrete and masonry structures, respectively. The lack of engineering services was effective on the amount of damage in masonry structures. Insufficient reinforcement and concrete strength, dimensions and inadequate detailing increased the amount of damage in reinforced-concrete structures. Importance should be given to negative parameters that may weaken the defence mechanisms of structures for earthquake-resistant structural design.
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    A Comparative Evaluation of Earthquake Code Change on Seismic Parameter and Structural Analysis; A case of Turkey
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Buyuksarac, Aydin; Isik, Ercan; Bektas, Ozcan
    Turkey, which is one of the countries with high seismic risk, has made significant changes in both seismic risk maps and seismic design codes over time by adapting to these developments. Information about the important changes in the last two earthquake maps and provisions in Turkey was given and the effects of these changes on structural and seismic parameters were examined in this study. In order to make comparisons of seismic parameters, seven different settlements from seven different geographical regions in Turkey were taken into account which have the same seismic risk in the previous earthquake risk map. Seismic moments were also calculated separately for these locations to describe the intensity of future tectonic activity. With the current earthquake hazard map, geographical location-specific earthquake risk has been started to be used instead of regional risk. For the selected settlements with the same seismic risk in the previous map, the seismic risks were found high in some and low in some with the current hazard map. In addition, structural analyses were carried out for the sample reinforced-concrete building with the same structural characteristics in these seven different settlements in order to reveal the effect of the code and map change on the structural analysis. While the target displacements expected from the structures for the settlements with the same seismic risk take the same values, the target displacements are obtained differently for each, since the specific design spectrum is used for each location with the current map.
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    A Comparative Study of the Effects of Earthquakes in Different Countries on Target Displacement in Mid-Rise Regular RC Structures
    (Mdpi, 2022) Isik, Ercan; Hadzima-Nyarko, Marijana; Bilgin, Huseyin; Ademovic, Naida; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Harirchian, Ehsan; Bulajic, Borko
    Data from past earthquakes is an important tool to reveal the impact of future earthquakes on engineering structures, especially in earthquake-prone regions. These data are important indicators for revealing the seismic loading effects that structures will be exposed to in future earthquakes. Five different earthquakes from six countries with high seismic risk were selected and were within the scope of this study. The measured peak ground acceleration (PGA) for each earthquake was compared with the suggested PGA for the respective region. Structural analyzes were performed for a reinforced-concrete (RC) building model with four different variables, including the number of storeys, local soil types, building importance class and concrete class. Target displacements specified in the Eurocode-8 were obtained for both the suggested and measured PGA values for each earthquake. The main goal of this study is to reveal whether the proposed and measured PGA values are adequately represented in different countries. We tried to reveal whether the seismic risk was taken into account at a sufficient level. In addition, target displacements have been obtained separately in order to demonstrate whether the measured and suggested PGA values for these countries are adequately represented in structural analysis and evaluations. It was concluded that both seismic risk and target displacements were adequately represented for some earthquakes, while not adequately represented for others. Comments were made about the existing building stock of the countries considering the obtained results.
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    Damage assessment, regional ground motion record evaluation, and seismic performance analysis of a high-rise 14-story dual system building after the 2023 Kahramanmaras, earthquakes
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2025) Peker, Fatma Ulker; Yuzbasi, Julide; Isik, Ercan; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Avcil, Fatih
    On February 6, 2023, T & uuml;rkiye experienced catastrophic Mw 7.8 and 7.6 earthquakes, severely affecting several cities, including Malatya. This study presents a comprehensive structural assessment of a 14-story reinforced concrete building with a symmetric layout in Malatya, one of the cities most impacted by these earthquakes. It uniquely integrates experimental material characterization with advanced seismic nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA). Unlike conventional post-earthquake studies that rely on visual assessments, this research is distinguished by its data-driven approach. 56 core concrete samples were extracted to determine actual material strengths, and rebar properties were directly measured after removing the concrete cover. These experimentally derived properties were incorporated into a structural model and subjected to seismic performance analysis. The analytical damage predictions closely matched the observed post-earthquake damage, highlighting the importance of accurate material data. Moreover, the study evaluates specifically Malatya's seismic hazard levels by comparing earthquake risk parameters from T & uuml;rkiye's last two seismic codes (TEC-2007 and TBEC-2018) and analyzing regional acceleration spectra. Furthermore, it presents extensive field observations of structural damage to reinforced concrete buildings in Malatya, identifying key vulnerabilities. By integrating real material properties into the numerical model, this research enhances the reliability of predictive models and provides a robust framework for post-earthquake evaluation.
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    Seismic Hazard Implications of the 2025 Balıkesir Earthquake of Mw 6.1 for Western Türkiye
    (Mdpi, 2025) Buyuksarac, Aydin; Avcil, Fatih; Alkan, Hamdi; Isik, Ercan; Harirchian, Ehsan; Ozcelik, Abdullah
    On 10 August 2025, a powerful earthquake (Mw = 6.1) occurred in Bal & imath;kesir, located within the Aegean Graben System, one of T & uuml;rkiye's major tectonic elements, and was felt across a very wide region. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of the seismotectonic characteristics, recorded ground motions, and observed structural performance during this earthquake, focusing specifically on implications for regional seismic hazard assessment. Peak ground acceleration values obtained from local accelerometer stations were compared with predicted peak ground accelerations. The study also conducted comparisons for Bal & imath;kesir districts using the two most recent earthquake hazard maps used in T & uuml;rkiye. Comparative hazard analyses revealed whether existing seismic hazard maps adequately represent Bal & imath;kesir. The findings highlight the need for region-specific hazard model updates, improved implementation of earthquake-resistant design rules, and targeted retrofit strategies to mitigate future earthquake risk. The methodology adopted in this study involved comparative hazard analysis using the last two seismic hazard maps, evaluation of PGA's across 20 districts of Bal & imath;kesir Province, and a field-based survey of structural damage. This integrative approach ensured that both seismological and engineering perspectives were comprehensively addressed.
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    Technical and Socio-Economic Perspective on the Disaster of the Century (6 February 2023 Earthquake) in Türkiye on the Second Anniversary
    (Wiley, 2025) Aydin, M. Cihan; Isik, Ercan; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Ulu, Ali Emre; Avcil, Fatih
    The two earthquakes of magnitude 7.7 and 7.6 that struck southeastern T & uuml;rkiye on 6 February 2023 have been dubbed the 'disaster of the century' due to their catastrophic impact on the country and society. The shockwaves of the two earthquakes, which were centred in Kahramanmara & scedil; and resulted in more than 50,000 deaths, not only devastated 11 provinces but were also strongly felt in neighbouring countries. In addition to the destruction caused by the earthquake, which directly affected approximately 14 million people, its psychological and socio-economic consequences on the Turkish and Syrian populations are likely to continue for many years. This study offers a comprehensive technical and socio-economic perspective on the earthquake-affected region on the second anniversary of the disaster. It also provides insights into the seismotectonics of the earthquake zone and the resulting structural damage. By enhancing the understanding of the socio-economic impacts of the devastating Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes, this study aims to contribute to the development of safer and more resilient societies.
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    The Effect of Site-Specific Design Spectrum on Earthquake-Building Parameters: A Case Study from the Marmara Region (NW Turkey)
    (Mdpi, 2020) Isik, Ercan; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Aydin, Mehmet Cihan; Harirchian, Ehsan
    The Marmara Region (NW Turkey) has experienced significant earthquakes (M > 7.0) to date. A destructive earthquake is also expected in the region. To determine the effect of the specific design spectrum, eleven provinces located in the region were chosen according to the Turkey Earthquake Building Code updated in 2019. Additionally, the differences between the previous and updated regulations of the country were investigated. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) were obtained for each province by using earthquake ground motion levels with 2%, 10%, 50%, and 68% probability of exceedance in 50-year periods. The PGA values in the region range from 0.16 to 0.7 g for earthquakes with a return period of 475 years. For each province, a sample of a reinforced-concrete building having two different numbers of stories with the same ground and structural characteristics was chosen. Static adaptive pushover analyses were performed for the sample reinforced-concrete building using each province's design spectrum. The variations in the earthquake and structural parameters were investigated according to different geographical locations. It was determined that the site-specific design spectrum significantly influences target displacements for performance-based assessments of buildings due to seismicity characteristics of the studied geographic location.
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    The Relationship Between Concrete Strengths Obtained by Destructive and Non-destructive Methods
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2020) Karahan, Sebnem; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Isik, Ercan
    Quality of material is an important parameter in structural design. Quality of concrete as a widely used material may be controlled by using pressure testing devices. For this purpose, standard methods are used. However, these methods are difficult, time-consuming and costly. Hence, using non-destructive methods, which are also faster and less costly, has become a must. In this study, ultrasonic pulse velocity and surface hardness values are obtained from samples prepared in the laboratory environment in the context of non-destructive methods and samples collected from an existing concrete structure. Destructive pressure testing is then used to find the compressive strength values of these samples. The study compares and contrasts results from non-destructive and destructive methods. Correlations with discrete and compound methods are obtained with non-destructive methods, and quality evaluation of these correlations is completed.