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Öğe 24 January 2020 Sivrice (Elazig) earthquake damages and determination of earthquake parameters in the region(Techno-Press, 2020) Isik, Ercan; Aydin, Mehmet Cihan; Buyuksarac, AydinThe 24 January 2020 (Mw=6.8) earthquake with epicentre in Elazig (Sivrice) on the East Anatolian Fault Zone caused loss of life and property. The information was given about the seismotectonic setting and regional seismicity along this fault zone and aftershock activity and ground motion data of this earthquake. Earthquake parameters were obtained for five different earthquake stations which were closer to the epicentre. Horizontal and vertical design spectra were obtained for the geographic locations for each earthquake station. The obtained spectra for the earthquake epicentre were compared with selected appropriate attenuation relationships. The damages after earthquake were evaluated via geotechnical and structural aspects. This study also aims to investigate the cause-effect relationships between structural damage in reinforced-concrete and masonry structures, respectively. The lack of engineering services was effective on the amount of damage in masonry structures. Insufficient reinforcement and concrete strength, dimensions and inadequate detailing increased the amount of damage in reinforced-concrete structures. Importance should be given to negative parameters that may weaken the defence mechanisms of structures for earthquake-resistant structural design.Öğe A Comparative Evaluation of Earthquake Code Change on Seismic Parameter and Structural Analysis; A case of Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Buyuksarac, Aydin; Isik, Ercan; Bektas, OzcanTurkey, which is one of the countries with high seismic risk, has made significant changes in both seismic risk maps and seismic design codes over time by adapting to these developments. Information about the important changes in the last two earthquake maps and provisions in Turkey was given and the effects of these changes on structural and seismic parameters were examined in this study. In order to make comparisons of seismic parameters, seven different settlements from seven different geographical regions in Turkey were taken into account which have the same seismic risk in the previous earthquake risk map. Seismic moments were also calculated separately for these locations to describe the intensity of future tectonic activity. With the current earthquake hazard map, geographical location-specific earthquake risk has been started to be used instead of regional risk. For the selected settlements with the same seismic risk in the previous map, the seismic risks were found high in some and low in some with the current hazard map. In addition, structural analyses were carried out for the sample reinforced-concrete building with the same structural characteristics in these seven different settlements in order to reveal the effect of the code and map change on the structural analysis. While the target displacements expected from the structures for the settlements with the same seismic risk take the same values, the target displacements are obtained differently for each, since the specific design spectrum is used for each location with the current map.Öğe A Comparative Study of the Effects of Earthquakes in Different Countries on Target Displacement in Mid-Rise Regular RC Structures(Mdpi, 2022) Isik, Ercan; Hadzima-Nyarko, Marijana; Bilgin, Huseyin; Ademovic, Naida; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Harirchian, Ehsan; Bulajic, BorkoData from past earthquakes is an important tool to reveal the impact of future earthquakes on engineering structures, especially in earthquake-prone regions. These data are important indicators for revealing the seismic loading effects that structures will be exposed to in future earthquakes. Five different earthquakes from six countries with high seismic risk were selected and were within the scope of this study. The measured peak ground acceleration (PGA) for each earthquake was compared with the suggested PGA for the respective region. Structural analyzes were performed for a reinforced-concrete (RC) building model with four different variables, including the number of storeys, local soil types, building importance class and concrete class. Target displacements specified in the Eurocode-8 were obtained for both the suggested and measured PGA values for each earthquake. The main goal of this study is to reveal whether the proposed and measured PGA values are adequately represented in different countries. We tried to reveal whether the seismic risk was taken into account at a sufficient level. In addition, target displacements have been obtained separately in order to demonstrate whether the measured and suggested PGA values for these countries are adequately represented in structural analysis and evaluations. It was concluded that both seismic risk and target displacements were adequately represented for some earthquakes, while not adequately represented for others. Comments were made about the existing building stock of the countries considering the obtained results.Öğe A Study on the Determination of Damage Levels in Reinforced Concrete Structures during the Kahramanmaras Earthquake on February 06, 2023(EDP Sciences, 2023) Isik, Ercan; Shendkar, Mangeshkumar R.; Avcil, Fatih; Büyüksaraç, Aydin; Deshpande, Sandip S.Planning for settlement and urban redevelopment following disastrous earthquakes depends on the early detection and control of structural damage. The first damage assessment to be made immediately after the earthquake should be done as practically and quickly as possible. Within the scope of the study, the general causes of damage to the reinforced-concrete buildings in the region affected by the Kahramanmaras earthquake couple dated 06 February 2023, which can be called the disaster of the century for Türkiye, and the first damage assessments were made using the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) for 30 different reinforced concrete structures. This method gives six different building examples for each of the five different damage levels. Considering the buildings used in damage level, information is given about the causes and consequences of the damage. In general, it is the main cause of insufficient reinforced concrete frame damage as well as the effects of structural negativities such as soft storey, short columns, etc. © ICSTCE 2023Öğe Comparison of Seismic and Structural Parameters of Settlements in the East Anatolian Fault Zone in Light of the 6 February Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes(Mdpi, 2024) Isik, Ercan; Hadzima-Nyarko, Marijana; Avcil, Fatih; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Arkan, Enes; Alkan, Hamdi; Harirchian, EhsanOn 6 February 2023, two very large destructive earthquakes occurred in the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), one of T & uuml;rkiye's primary tectonic members. The fact that these earthquakes occurred on the same day and in the same region increased the extent of the destruction. Within the scope of this study, twenty different settlements affected by earthquakes and located directly on the EAFZ were taken into consideration. Significant destruction and structural failure at different levels were induced in reinforced concrete (RC) structures, the dominant urban building stock in these regions. To determine whether the earthquake hazard is adequately represented, the PGA values predicted in the last two earthquake hazard maps used in T & uuml;rkiye for these settlements were compared with the measured PGAs from actual earthquakes. Subsequently, the damage to reinforced concrete structures in these settlements was evaluated within the scope of construction and earthquake engineering. In the final part of the study, static pushover analyses were performed on a selected example of a reinforced concrete building model, and target displacement values for different performance levels were determined separately for each earthquake. For the 20 different settlements considered, the displacements were also derived based on the values predicted in the last two earthquake hazard maps, and comparisons were made. While the target displacements were exceeded in some settlements, there was no exceedance in the other settlements. The realistic presentation of earthquake hazards will enable the mentioned displacements predicted for different performance levels of structures to be determined in a much more realistic manner. As a result, the performance grades predicted for the structures will be estimated more accurately.Öğe Damage evaluation of masonry buildings during Kahramanmaras (Turkiye) earthquakes on February 06, 2023(Techno-Press, 2023) Isik, Ercan; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Avcil, Fatih; Arkan, Enes; Aydin, M. Cihan; Ulu, Ali EmreThe Mw=7.7 (Pazarcik-Kahramanmaras) and Mw=7.6 (Elbistan-Kahramanmaras) earthquakes that occurred in Turkiye on 06.02.2023 with 9 hours' intervals, caused great losses of life and property as the biggest catastrophe in the instrumental period. The earthquakes affecting an area of 14% of the country were enormous and caused a great deal of loss of life and damage. Numerous buildings have collapsed or damaged at different levels, both in the city centers and in rural areas. Within the scope of this study, masonry structure damage built from different types of materials in the earthquake region was taken into consideration. In this study, the damage and causes of such masonry structures that do not generally receive engineering services were examined and explained in detail. Insufficient interlocking between wall-wall and wall-roof, inadequate masonry, lack of horizontal and vertical bond beams, usage of low-strength materials, poor workmanship, and heavy earthen roof are commonly caused to structural damages. Separation at the corner point and out-of-plane mechanism in structural walls, and heavy earthen roof damages are common types of damage in masonry structures.Öğe Effects of the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquake on structures in Kahramanmaraş city(Springer, 2024) Avcil, Fatih; Isik, Ercan; Izol, Rabia; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Arkan, Enes; Arslan, Musa Hakan; Aksoylu, CeyhunLarge-scale loss of life and property occurred in Kahramanmaras and its districts, which are the city center where the epicenters of the earthquake couples that occurred on February 6, 2023, in Turkiye. Major damage has occurred in different structural systems due to the earthquake. In addition, fault traces that are the source of the earthquake were clearly observed on the ground surface. In this study, the effects of both earthquakes on soil, reinforced concrete, masonry, prefabricated, and other structural systems were evaluated observationally in Kahramanmaras and its districts. Comparisons were made on the last two earthquake maps used in Turkiye for the locations of strong ground motion measuring devices in Kahramanmaras. The masonry structures, which are common in rural areas in the epicenter, have been heavily damaged because they have not received engineering service. However, it is seen that the concrete buildings have insufficient strength and ductility. A similar situation is also present in industrial precast structures, and it has been observed that the damaged and collapsed in these structures are manufactured without complying with the type connection details given for prefabricated reinforced concrete structures in the codes. It has also been observed that the soil-structure interaction is the most determining parameter in the structure's performance in these earthquake couples. Especially in weak soils, the damage to the structures has been quite heavy. The field data obtained from the earthquakes showed that some of the conditions of the current earthquake code should be discussed again.Öğe Field Reconnaissance and Earthquake Vulnerability of the RC Buildings in Adıyaman during 2023 Türkiye Earthquakes(Mdpi, 2024) Isik, Ercan; Avcil, Fatih; Izol, Rabia; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Bilgin, Huseyin; Harirchian, Ehsan; Arkan, EnesThe 6th February 2023 Pazarcik and Elbistan earthquakes (Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6) caused great destruction in many cities and were the disaster of the century for Turkiye. The greatest destruction was caused in the provinces of Hatay, Kahramanmaras, and Adiyaman during these earthquakes, which were independent of each other and occurred on the same day. Information about earthquakes and strong ground motion records is given within the scope of this study. Reinforced concrete (RC) structures which constitute a large part of the urban building stock in the earthquake region were exposed to structural damage at different levels. The structural damage in the RC structures in the city center, Golbasi, and Kahta districts of the province of Adiyaman was evaluated within the scope of earthquake and civil engineering after field investigations. Insufficient RC, low-strength concrete reinforcement problems, RC frame failure, heavy overhang, short columns, soft story, and pounding effect are the main causes of the earthquake damage. The presence of these factors that reduce the earthquake resistance of RC structures increased the damage level. In addition, the fact that the earthquakes occurred nine hours apart and the continuation of aftershocks during that period negatively affected the damage levels. It has been observed that structures that receive the necessary engineering services during the construction and project phases ensure the safety of life and property, even if the structure is slightly damaged. In this study, we also tried to reveal whether the target displacements were satisfactorily represented by numerical analysis for a sample RC structure.Öğe Geotechnical and Structural Damages Caused by the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes in Gölbaşı (Adıyaman)(Mdpi, 2024) Akar, Fahriye; Isik, Ercan; Avcil, Fatih; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Arkan, Enes; Izol, RabiaOn 6 February 2023, two independent earthquake pairs on the East Anatolian Fault Zone, with epicenters in Pazarcik (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) districts of Kahramanmaras province, caused great destruction. Adiyaman and Golbasi districts of this city are among the settlements most affected by the earthquake. Especially in the district where geotechnical damages are most observed, the destructive effects of earthquakes have been clearly observed in buildings with different structural systems. In this study, information is given about the earthquakes that hit the region and the fault zone where the earthquakes occur. Geotechnical and structural damages occurring in the villages and center of the district were evaluated within the scope of earthquakes and structural engineering. It can be stated that damages observed in the district center are generally caused by soil-structure interaction problems. The fact that masonry structures, which are widely used in rural areas, do not benefit from any engineering services has an impact on the level of damage. The main reason for the damages occurring in the reinforced concrete structures in the district is the reinforced concrete system that is not designed properly or not built in accordance with the design. This case study demonstrated the importance of earthquake-soil-structure interactions in line with earthquake-resistant building design principles.Öğe Seismic Performance and Failure Mechanisms of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subject to the Earthquakes in Türkiye(Mdpi, 2024) Isik, Ercan; Avcil, Fatih; Hadzima-Nyarko, Marijana; Izol, Rabia; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Arkan, Enes; Radu, DorinMany reinforced-concrete structures collapsed or were seriously damaged in the 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes that occurred in southern T & uuml;rkiye on 6 February 2023. The recorded peak ground accelerations were quite high (2.2 g) and the recorded motions' elastic acceleration response spectra were significantly greater than the elastic design spectra given by the most recent Turkish seismic design code. A total of 518,000 houses were heavily damaged or collapsed in the eleven cities affected by the earthquake. More than 53,000 people lost their lives and over 100,000 people were injured, the majority of these injurits caused by the collapse of reinforced concrete structures. Post-earthquake damage assessments are important in the context of applying sustainability principles to building design and construction. In this study, post-earthquake damage assesments and evaluations were made for the reinforced-concrete structures that were exposed to destruction or various structural damage in Hatay, Kahramanmara & scedil; and Ad & imath;yaman, which where most affected after the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes. The RC building damage and failure mechanisms resulting from field observations were evaluated in detail from a broad performance-based structural and earthquake engineering perspective. Information about Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes is given briefly. Design spectra and spectral accelerations were compared for the earthquake stations in these three provinces. Soft/weak story, short column, insufficiently reinforced-concrete, and poor workmanship are the primary causes of structural damage, which cause earthquake weaknesses in these buildings.Öğe Seismic performance of masonry structures after 06 February 2023 earthquakes; site survey and FE modelling approach(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Izol, Rabia; Isik, Ercan; Avcil, Fatih; Arslan, Musa Hakan; Arkan, Enes; Buyuksarac, AydinThe Kahramanmaras, earthquake couple, which took place on February 6, 2023, is one of the biggest disasters T & uuml;rkiye has encountered in the instrumental period. While the effects of these earthquakes were felt primarily in 11 different provinces, they also caused significant effects in many other provinces. These two independent earthquakes of magnitude 7.7 and 7.6, which are rare in the history of literature, occurred 9 h apart and caused more structural damage. Serious losses of life and property occurred in Kahramanmaras,, the epicenter of both earthquakes. In this study, structural damages on masonry buildings in rural areas of Kahramanmaras, province are examined in detail within the framework of the cause-effect relationship. Different building samples are evaluated for each damage situation. In addition, nonlinear time history analyses were performed on a sample structure and the damage was examined in detail. In general, these structures, which do not receive engineering services, exhibit typical masonry structure damage as in other earthquakes. This study provides information about the behavior of such buildings under earthquake loads and emphasizes the importance of receiving the necessary engineering services for these structures.Öğe Seismic Performances of Masonry Educational Buildings during the 2023 Türkiye (Kahramanmaraş) Earthquakes(Mdpi, 2024) Isik, Ercan; Bilgin, Hueseyin; Avcil, Fatih; Izol, Rabia; Arkan, Enes; Bueyueksarac, Aydin; Harirchian, EhsanHuge losses of life and property occurred as a result of two independent catastrophic earthquakes on 6 February 2023 in the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone, where no significant earthquake has occurred in approximately 500 years. The earthquakes, whose epicenters were in the Pazarc & imath;k and Elbistan districts of Kahramanmara & scedil; province at 9 h intervals, had magnitudes of Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6 and caused different levels of structural damage, especially in masonry-style structures in rural areas. In this study, the damage that occurred in masonry village schools, especially in rural areas, during these two earthquakes was evaluated in terms of the characteristics of the earthquake and within the scope of civil engineering, and the causes of the damage were discussed. The damage levels of the masonry schools examined were classified using the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98). Information about the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes was given and structural analyses were carried out for a widely used reference school building. The school building block was analytically modeled, and its seismic load-bearing capacities were predicted through pushover analysis in TREMURI software. The study also includes repair and strengthening recommendations for such structures.Öğe Structural damage evaluation of mosques and minarets in Adiyaman due to the 06 February 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquakes(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Isik, Ercan; Avcil, Fatih; Arkan, Enes; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Izol, Rabia; Topalan, MustafaThis paper evaluates the failures of masonry and RC minarets and mosques during the February 06, 2023, Kahramanmaras, earthquakes. Two big independent earthquakes (Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6), which can be called the disaster of the century for Turkey and occurred at nine-hour intervals, caused a lot of loss of life and destruction in the region where approximately 16% of the country's population lived. It has been observed that the accelerations obtained from many stations exceed the response spectrum values predicted by the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC). Numerous aftershocks occurred after the earthquakes. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the field and evaluate the structural damages of 27 different mosques and minarets in Adiyaman province, which is one of the provinces with significant losses after these earthquakes and is located on the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). Significant structural damage and total collapses occurred in mosques and minarets, which were built in masonry and reinforced concrete style, as in other types of structures. However, due to the occurrence time of the earthquakes, no loss of life caused by these structures was experienced. Very few of the mosques and minarets examined in this study behaved like earthquake-resistant structures without any damage. As a result of the field investigations, the main reason for the damages in such structures is that they were built by local masters without any engineering service.Öğe The comparison of sectional damages in reinforced-concrete structures and seismic parameters on regional Basis; a case study from western Turkiye (Aegean Region)(Techno-Press, 2023) Isik, Ercan; Ulutas, Hakan; Buyuksarac, AydinTurkiye has made significant changes and updates in both seismic risk maps and design codes over time, as have other countries with high seismic risk. In this study, the last two seismic design codes and risk maps were compared for the Aegean Region (Western Turkiye) where the earthquake risk has once again emerged with the 2020 Izmir Earthquake (Mw=6.9). In this study, information about the seismicity of the Aegean Region was given. The seismic parameters for all provinces in the region were compared with the last two earthquake risk maps. The spectral acceleration coefficients of all provinces have increased and differentiated with the current seismic hazard map as a result of the design spectra used on a regional basis have been replaced by the geographical location-specific design spectra. In addition, section damage limits were obtained for all provinces within the scope of the last two seismic design codes. Structural analyses for a sample reinforced-concrete building were made separately for each province using pushover analysis. The deformations in the cross-sections were compared with the limit states corresponding to the damage levels specified in the last two seismic design codes for the region. Target displacement requests for all provinces have decreased with the current code. The differentiation of geographical location-specific design spectra both in the last two seismic design code and between provinces has caused changes in section damages and building performance levels. The main aim of this study is to obtain and compare both seismic and structural analysis results for all provinces in the Aegean Region (Western Turkiye).Öğe The Effect of Site-Specific Design Spectrum on Earthquake-Building Parameters: A Case Study from the Marmara Region (NW Turkey)(Mdpi, 2020) Isik, Ercan; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Aydin, Mehmet Cihan; Harirchian, EhsanThe Marmara Region (NW Turkey) has experienced significant earthquakes (M > 7.0) to date. A destructive earthquake is also expected in the region. To determine the effect of the specific design spectrum, eleven provinces located in the region were chosen according to the Turkey Earthquake Building Code updated in 2019. Additionally, the differences between the previous and updated regulations of the country were investigated. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) were obtained for each province by using earthquake ground motion levels with 2%, 10%, 50%, and 68% probability of exceedance in 50-year periods. The PGA values in the region range from 0.16 to 0.7 g for earthquakes with a return period of 475 years. For each province, a sample of a reinforced-concrete building having two different numbers of stories with the same ground and structural characteristics was chosen. Static adaptive pushover analyses were performed for the sample reinforced-concrete building using each province's design spectrum. The variations in the earthquake and structural parameters were investigated according to different geographical locations. It was determined that the site-specific design spectrum significantly influences target displacements for performance-based assessments of buildings due to seismicity characteristics of the studied geographic location.Öğe The Relationship Between Concrete Strengths Obtained by Destructive and Non-destructive Methods(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2020) Karahan, Sebnem; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Isik, ErcanQuality of material is an important parameter in structural design. Quality of concrete as a widely used material may be controlled by using pressure testing devices. For this purpose, standard methods are used. However, these methods are difficult, time-consuming and costly. Hence, using non-destructive methods, which are also faster and less costly, has become a must. In this study, ultrasonic pulse velocity and surface hardness values are obtained from samples prepared in the laboratory environment in the context of non-destructive methods and samples collected from an existing concrete structure. Destructive pressure testing is then used to find the compressive strength values of these samples. The study compares and contrasts results from non-destructive and destructive methods. Correlations with discrete and compound methods are obtained with non-destructive methods, and quality evaluation of these correlations is completed.
