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    Biochar production from various low-cost marine wastes using different production methods: Characterization of biochar and marine feedstock for agricultural purposes
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Ilay, Remzi
    Studies on the conversion of organic materials into biochar have been preferred due to the effectiveness of biochar. Aquatic ecosystems harbor a significant amount of organic biomass, much of which is transferred to terrestrial systems, but often remains as waste. In this study, Posidonia oceanica (PO), Halidrys siliquosa (HS), Ulva lactuca (UL), and Codium fragile (CF), commonly found as marine waste along coastlines globally, were used as feedstocks for biochar production under four different pyrolysis conditions. Several analyses were conducted to characterize both marine waste and biochar forms in order to evaluate their potential for agricultural applications. The results showed that marine wastes and biochars contain almost all the necessary nutrients required for plant nutrition in varying proportions. The CF feedstock has a higher nitrogen (N) content than other feedstocks, while the UL contains greater phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg). Additionally, the PO exhibits high calcium (Ca), boron (B), and manganese (Mn) contents. Carbon (C) content also varied significantly depending on the biochar production technique. Temperature had a greater influence than holding time on the disparities in the elemental composition of biochars. The pH values of all types of biochar increased with rising temperature. However, the electrical conductivity (EC) values of HS and PO biochars decreased with increasing temperature. The highest mean BET surface area was observed in PO biochars. However, UL biochar has the most significant proportional increase compared to the UL feedstock by 218 times. All characteristics determined for all materials (feedstock, biochar) were within acceptable limits for application to soil. In conclusion, both marine waste and biochar forms may be confidently used for agricultural purposes, particularly in soil applications, when considering the characterization parameters within the scope of this research. Additionally, supporting and developing these results with more comprehensive analysis and research would be more suitable to reveal the potential of these marine wastes for agricultural systems.
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    Earthworms and Soil Structure
    (Springer-Verlag Berlin, 2011) Kavdir, Yasemin; Ilay, Remzi
    [Anstract Not Available]
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    Impact of land cover types on soil aggregate stability and erodibility
    (Springer, 2018) Ilay, Remzi; Kavdir, Yasemin
    Gok double dagger eada is the biggest island, and it is also known as the organic island of Turkey. Approximately 65% of the Gok double dagger eada lands have slope > 12%. Climate, topography, land cover, and soil characteristics are considered to be the main natural factors affecting soil erosion severity in the Gok double dagger eada. Prevention of soil degradation, hence the preservation or improvement of the overall quality of the soil, is directly related to the presence of stable soil aggregates. In addition, the resistance to weathering and replacement of soil particles are also relevant aspects in terms of sustainability. Aggregate stability (AS) and erodibility of land (Kfac) are related to soil properties. However, this relationship can vary under different circumstances. In this study, 248 surface soil samples have been taken from forest and semi-natural areas (FSNA) and agricultural areas (AGRA) according to CORINE 2006. Eleven selected soil properties were measured, and their impacts on AS and Kfac (RUSLE-K) were determined by using the CRT (classification and regression tree) in Gok double dagger eada. Results showed that the relations among soil characteristics changed according to the land cover classes. Total organic carbon is much more associated with AS in AGRA, while total carbon is associated with AS in FSNA. The effect of calcium carbonate on Kfac was higher than other soil properties when the land cover type was ignored. On the other hand, in AGRA, the effect of between clay content on Kfac was greater than those of FSNA.
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    Short-lived Effects of Olive Pomace Biochar Produced at Different Temperatures on Nitrate (NO3-), Bromide (Br-), Sulfate (SO42-) and Phosphate (PO43-) Leaching from Sandy Loam Soils
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2020) Ilay, Remzi
    Biochar is a product of organic origin, which can be used in agriculture to improve primarily the physical and chemical properties of soil. In this study, olive pomace (OP) was used for biochar production. Olive pomace biochar (OB) was produced at two different pyrolysis temperatures as 350 degrees C and 700 degrees C (OB(350)and OB700). OB was mixed at the rates of 1% (w/w) with sandy loam (SL) soil (Hypereutric Fluvisols) and the effect of OB(350)and OB(700)treatments on selected anions leaching was investigated using column study. Fertilizers were applied to the soil at the rate of 400 kg nitrogen (N), 100 kg phosphorus (P), 50 kg sulfur (S) ha(-1). The bromide (Br-) tracer (KBr2) was added for monitoring nitrate (NO3-) movement within the soil. Nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-), sulfate (SO42-), and bromide (Br-) concentrations in the leachates were measured 12 times (LN) during the study. Biochar produced at two different temperatures did not have significant effects on anion leaching from the SL soil. There was no PO(4)(3-)anion detected in leachates of all treatments over 12 leaching periods. Recovery of NO(3)(-)content was about 30% higher than that of Br(-)at the end of the last leaching period however NO(3)(-)and Br(-)leaching showed similar trends during the study. As a conclusion application of 1%, OB produced at 350 degrees C and 700 degrees C temperatures did not have any effect on NO3-, Br-, and SO(4)(2-)leaching from SL soils.
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    Temporal variations in soil aggregation following olive pomace and vineyard pruning waste compost applications on clay, loam, and sandy loam soils
    (Springer, 2022) Isler, Nurten; Ilay, Remzi; Kavdir, Yasemin
    This study was aimed to determine the temporal effects of olive pomace (OPC) and vineyard pruning waste (VPC) composts on soil aggregation of three different textured soils. Both OPC and VPC are the most common agricultural wastes in the Mediterranean Region. The application of these composts to soils with different textures (clay, loam, and sandy loam) at different rates and knowing how long after the application the aggregate stability (AS) reaches the maximum (for different compost, texture, and rate) increases the novelty value of this study. Composts were prepared in automatic temperature and aeration-controlled reactors. The experiment consisted of three different soil textures (clay, loam, and sandy loam), five different treatments (control, 3% and 6% OPC, 3% and 6% VPC), 10 different incubation times, and four replications. The highest AS values were obtained with 6% VPC application on the 210th day of incubation for clay and loam soils while it was the highest for 6%OPC on the 120th day of incubation for sandy loam soil. Soil carbon (TC) was the strongest and positively correlated with AS 90 days after VPC and OPC applications in all soils. Final TC stocks increased by 131% and 417% in clay, 72% and 251% in loam, and 21 to 257% in sandy loam soil, compared to 15 days of incubation. OPC and VPC amendments to clay, loam, and sandy loam soils increased AS while reducing the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates. It took a shorter time (90 days) for the VPC application to increase the amount of TC in soils.
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    The effect of olive oil solid waste application on soil properties and growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2013) Ilay, Remzi; Kavdir, Yasemin; Sumer, Ali
    Research on the reuse and recycling of agricultural by-products and industrial wastes are becoming increasingly important due to storage and environmental problems associated with these wastes. This study investigated the effect of olive oil solid waste (OSW) application rates on the macro- and micro-elemental contents and plant growth of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and soil properties. OSW was mixed with soil at rates of 0, 3, 5 and 7% w/w. Sunflower was grown for 45 days and bean for 30 days in pots. Relative phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) contents by mass of sunflower plants increased while nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) content decreased. In contrast in bean, P. B and Zn contents were increased but C, N, Ca, and manganese (Mn) contents decreased. Total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and electrical conductivity (EC) increased while pH decreased pot soils after harvesting. Direct application of OSW to clay loam soil has significant negative impacts on growth of sunflower and bean. However, soil properties were enhanced and organic matter content increased. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    The effect of olive pomace biochar on some characteristics of Vertisols
    (Wiley, 2024) Ilay, Remzi; Bodur, Seda Ozer; Eren, S. Tugce; Kavdir, Yasemin; Ekinci, Huseyin
    The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of olive pomace biochar (OB) application on the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of Vertisols. For this study, soil samples classified as Vertisol in & Ccedil;anakkale, where internal drainage and surface ponding are major problems, were used. The OB was produced at 450 degrees C and then mixed with 0% (control), 3%, 6% and 9% of the soil by weight. Various soil parameters, including the Atterberg limits (liquid limit [LL], plastic limit [PL], plasticity index [PI], shrinkage limit [SL]), saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-sat), field capacity (FC), total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN), were determined. The values of all the soil parameters increased, except for the PI. Moreover, the K-sat value increased by 127% and 136% with 6% and 9% OB application, respectively, compared to that of the control. Additionally, the FC, TN and TC levels in the soils increased in response to biochar application. In conclusion, OB application has a positive effect on the specific properties of Vertisol and can improve its physical properties.