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Öğe Effects of electrode geometry on electrokinetic removal of heavy metals and salt ions from co-contaminated soils(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2026) Karaca, Oznur; Taneja, Sonam; Kantar, Cetin; Haritash, Anil KumarThis study evaluated the performance of electrokinetic remediation on multi-metal-contaminated soil based on three electrode configurations: linear (1 anode-2 cathodes), trigonal (1 anode-2 cathodes), and square (1 anode-4 cathodes). The effects of co-contaminants and inter-ionic interferences on metal migration and removal were critically assessed. The findings revealed that the square configuration exhibited better removal efficiencies due to its improved electric field distribution and higher cathode coverage. With the same number of electrodes, the linear arrangement exhibited slightly better removal than the trigonal design, suggesting that spatial arrangement is a key factor in EK performance. The maximum removal was achieved for hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), followed by cadmium and lead, mainly because of the high complexation affinity of Cr (VI) for EDTA. Speciation analysis by Visual MINTEQ showed evidence of stable Cr-EDTA complexes being formed, allowing their mobilization. Introduction of EDTA not only enhanced the transport and solubility of target metals but also favoured the migration of natural cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+). In addition, harmful anions, SO4 2-and Cl-were reduced by 90 % and 80 %, respectively. The economic analysis confirmed the square configuration as the most cost-effective, with specific energy consumption (50 kWh/m3/g) and specific cost (701.5 US$/g). The study highlights the critical role of electrode arrangement in optimizing EKR processes and the mobilization and removal of heavy metals from polluted soils.Öğe Electrokinetic remediation: Past experiences and future roadmap for sustainable remediation of metal-contaminated soils(Elsevier, 2024) Taneja, Sonam; Karaca, Öznur; Haritash, Anil KumarSoil pollution due to heavy metals has become a serious environmental concern in the past decade, adversely affecting soil conditions and global food security. Due to this, considerable attention has been given to developing suitable remediation technologies, particularly for heavy metals. Among them, Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR) is a promising developing technique due to its great efficiency for fine-grained soils. The use of an electric field to remove contaminants from soil is effective on a wide range of matrices irrespective of the heterogeneity. In this context, the present study provides a detailed discussion on the design and operational considerations of EKR, mainly, power, electrode, and electrolyte characteristics. The major limitations of EKR, innovative modifications of EKR operations to overcome the limitations, and EKR-integrated technologies have been addressed. The optimization of regulating parameters ensures maximum efficiency towards removal of contaminants at minimum cost of treatment, thus, highlighting the engineering aspect of electrokinetics at field scale. The sustainability concerns arising from EKR and its possible alternative solutions have been discussed, to provide useful information and prospects to researchers in the field.Öğe Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Agricultural Soil: Assessment of Chromium (VI) Removal and Soil Property Alterations(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2025) Mehta, Anjali; Kathuria, Tanisha; Taneja, Sonam; Kumar, Sudesh; Karaca, Oeznur; Haritash, Anil KumarThis study evaluated the efficiency of enhanced electrokinetics (EKR) in removing hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) from agricultural soil using three potent electrolyte solutions: citric acid (CA), EDTA, and Tween 80. Distilled water was used as a control experiment. Further, to understand the influence of the applied current across the soil column and the targeted areas, a length-wise as well as depth-wise distribution of Cr (VI) was analyzed. Additionally, the key properties of agricultural soil, such as organic matter, carbonate content and sulfate ions, were investigated to study both the effect of soil properties on the efficiency of EKR, and the alterations in soil properties due to the EKR treatment. The findings revealed that CA was the most effective enhancing agent in removing Cr (VI), with 37.5% removal, followed by EDTA (33.4%), distilled water (23.8%), and Tween 80 (22.8%). The chromate ions, Cr-EDTA complexes, and Cr-Cit complexes migrated toward the anode through electro-migration, resulting in higher Cr (VI) in analytes and S1 and S2 soil sections. The surfactant could not form a metal complex but caused the mobilization of organic matter and soil colloids, resulting in relatively lower removal rates. The depth-wise Cr (VI) distribution indicated higher Cr (VI) retention at the bottom and middle sections due to gravitational leaching and compact soil arrangement. EKR was effective in eliminating excess sulfate ions from the soil, while improving the availability of essential nutrients through organic matter mobilization. The application of CA-enhanced EKR over Cr (VI)-contaminated agricultural field can give promising remediation with minimum disturbance to the soil properties.Öğe Technological Optimization, Health Risk Reduction, and Economic Analysis of Electrokinetic Remediation of Cadmium-contaminated Soil(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2025) Taneja, Sonam; Karaca, Öznur; Haritash, Anil KumarThe electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technique was employed for cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil to study the cross-effect of voltage gradient and electrolyte concentration on removal efficiency. Response Surface Methodology over Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to design the experiments. In addition, the effect of electrode material on EKR was investigated using two different electrodes, graphite, and stainless steel. The distribution and migration behavior of Cd in soil was explored through chemical speciation and sequential extraction procedure. The findings revealed that the voltage gradient and EDTA concentration were positively correlated with the removal efficiency at the optimized conditions of 2.5 V/cm and 0.15 M EDTA to achieve 27.8% removal in 10 h. The voltage gradient had a more profound effect on the removal efficiency as compared to EDTA concentration. The EKR treatment effectively reduced the bioavailability of Cd by removing water-soluble and exchangeable fractions and rendering the transformation of Cd to reducible and residual fractions. The Human Health Risk Assessment study was performed which revealed that EKR was successful in reducing the non-carcinogenic adverse effects by 29% and total carcinogenic risks from one in a thousand to one in a hundred thousand in adults, while children still exposed to high potential non-carcinogenic effects. The economic evaluation of all experiments concluded that the stainless steel electrode was more suited for Cd removal as compared to the graphite electrode with better removal (30%) and low specific cost (5.8 US$/g Cd). The study shows that EKR is successful in reducing the overall toxicity of Cd in soil and humans at a relatively low cost and less treatment time.Öğe Treatment of Pb-contaminated soil by electrokinetics: Enhancements by varying voltage, chelant, and electrode material(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Taneja, Sonam; Karaca, Öznur; Haritash, Anil KumarThis work examines the removal of lead (Pb) from artificially contaminated soils (1000 mg/kg Pb) using the Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR) technique. Operating parameters, including periodic voltage gradient, electrolyte amendments with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80), and type of electrode material were investigated. Results indicated that a high voltage gradient (2.5 V/cm), in conjunction with EDTA as electrolyte, and stainless-steel electrodes favored the overall removal process. Pb removal by selected electrolytes was in order EDTA (65 %) > Distilled water (64.1 %) > Tween 80 (6.2 %). Visual Minteq v.3.1 software was employed to predict the chemical equilibrium of different chemical species of Pb against pH. Results confirmed that when EDTA was used as an electrolyte, the [Pb-EDTA]2− complex predominated over the Pb(OH)2 complex at an alkaline pH, resulting in more removal. Findings suggested that stainless steel was a better alternative to graphite with respect to removal efficiency and corrosion effect at the anode. Considering the maximum Pb removal with EDTA at higher voltage, the energy consumption was also maximum (78.3KWh/m3). Nevertheless, the economic evaluation suggested that the cost per gram removal of Pb was lowest in this experiment (8 US$/g Pb) and, thus, can be considered for practical applications to treat the Pb-contaminated soils.
