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Öğe Akdeniz kuşağı çalılı meralarında otsu türlerin mineral içeriklerinin değişimi(2013) Gökkuş, A.; Parlak, A. Ö.; Baytekin, H.; Hakyemez, B. H.Maki alanlarında çalıların sıklığına bağlı olarak önemli miktarda otsu tür kuru madde üretimine katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu yüzden bu çalışmada böyle meralardaki otsu türlerin mineral kapsamlarının yıl boyunca değişimleri ve bunun keçilerin beslenmesi açısından önemi araştırılmıştır. Deneme Çanakkale'nin korunan ve otlanan olmak üzere iki çalılı merasında kurulmuş ve 14 ay süreyle (Ekim 2006-Kasım 2007) yürütülmüştür. Bu maksatla her ayın ortasında 0,5 m x 0,5 m ebatlarında onar çerçeve biçilerek bitki örnekleri alınmıştır. Alınan örneklerde makro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) ve mikro (Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Na, Zn) besin elementleri ile diğer elementlerden (Se, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb) oluşan toplam 18 elementin değişimi incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda Se dışındaki bütün elementlerin hem korunan hem de otlanan mera otundaki değişimleri önemli olmuştur. Genel olarak bitkilerdeki N, K, Mg ve S oranları Nisan ayından itibaren yükselmiş, yaz, sonbahar ve kışın azalmıştır. P korunan merada yaz başında, otlanan merada ise ilkbaharda artarken, Ca'da tersi durum görülmüştür. Fe kışın yüksek, yazın düşük; Mn ve Cu kış ve ilkbahar aylarında nispeten yüksek, yazın çok düşük; B ve Na ilkbahar ve yazın fazla, sonbahar ve kış aylarında az; Zn kışın yüksek, diğer aylarda düşük olmuştur. Co, Ni, Cd ve Pb özellikle kış aylarında yüksek, yaz aylarında daha düşük; Cr ise Şubat ayında fazla öteki aylarda daha az bulunmuştur. Se genellikle ilkbaharda yükselmiştir. Meraların ortalaması olarak otun bünyesindeki N, P, K, Ca, Mg ve S miktarları sırasıyla 12,45, 1,98, 10,78, 10,36, 2,07 ve 1,45 g/kg; Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Na ve Zn miktarları ise 676,2, 143,0, 6,3, 23,4, 1497,5 ve 27,3 mg/kg olmuştur. Günde 1 kg kuru ot tüketen keçiler esas alınarak yapılan değerlendirmede; N'un yaz ve sonbahar başında, K'un otlanan merada yaz ve sonbaharda, Mn'ın yazın, S, Cu ve Zn'nun yıl boyu yetersiz olduğu, diğer besin elementlerinde ise eksiklik olmadığı belirlenmiştir.Öğe Change of Mineral Composition of Herbaceous Species at the Mediterranean Shrublands(Univ Namik Kemal, 2013) Gokkus, A.; Parlak, A. O.; Baytekin, H.; Hakyemez, B. H.A significant amount of herbaceous species provide to be an increasing of total organic matter depending on shrub intensity in the maquis vegetation. Therefore, the yearlong mineral contents of these herbaceous species and their importance in terms of goat feeding were investigated at this vegetation. The trial was performed in two different sites, including protected and grazed, for a period of 14 months in canakkale (October 2006 and November 2007), and therefore the plant samples were collected by mowing the dimensions of 0.5 m x 0.5 m ten frames in the middle of each month. The change of total 18 elements, including macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S), micro (Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Na, Zn), and other elements (Se, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb), was investigated in the collected samples. According to the results of the study, the change of all elements except for Se was significant in both protected and grazed areas. In general, N, K, Mg, and S ratios of the plants increased from April, and they decreased in summer, autumn, and winter. P from the protected area at the beginning of the summer and from the grazed area in the spring increased. The change of Ca followed an opposite path. Iron rates were high in the winter and low in the summer; Mn and Cu were relatively high in the spring and very low in the summer; B and Na were excess in the spring and summer and few in the autumn and winter; Zn was high in the winter and low in the other months; Co, Ni, Cd, and Pb were high especially in the winter and lower in the summer; Cr was high in February and low in the other months. Se increased especially in spring. As the means of both areas, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S amounts of the plants were 12.45, 1.98, 10.78, 10.36, 2.07, and 1.45 g/kg, respectively, whereas Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Na, and Zn amounts were 676.2, 143.0, 6.3, 23.4, 1497.5 and 27.3 mg/kg, respectively. In evaluation based on the goats which were fed with 1 kg hay per day, N in early summer and autumn, K from the grazed area in the summer and autumn, Mn in the summer and 5, Cu, and Zn throughout the year were determined as insufficient, whereas there was not found any shortage for the other nutrients.Öğe FORAGE QUALITY OF DECIDUOUS WOODY AND HERBACEOUS SPECIES THROUGHOUT A YEAR IN MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBLANDS OF WESTERN TURKEY(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2011) Parlak, A. O.; Gokkus, A.; Hakyemez, B. H.; Baytekin, H.Nutritional stress during dry summer period is considered as a primary factor limiting goat production in the Mediterranean region. In this study, forage quality of two deciduous woody species (gall oak (Quercus infectoria Oliv.) and Christ's thorn (Paliurus spina-cristi Mill.)) and herbaceous species in a shrubland in the South Marmara was determined to assess their quality and capacity to meet goats needs. Dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), dry matter digestibility (DMD), metabolic energy (ME), Phosphorus (P) and Calcium (Ca) were determined in the shrubs and herbaceous. Results showed that DM and Ca in the gall oak were distinctly low in April. On the other hand, its CP and P were high in April while DMD and ME were high in May and June. Contents of DM, ash and Ca in the Christ's thorn showed a decrease in April-May and those of CP, DMD, and ME increased in May. Herbaceous had their lowest DM, NDF, and ADF in April and highest CP, DMD, and ME in March-April. Consequently, when goats' needs were considered, goats should be fed with supplementary energy feed throughout the year except for spring months, and with CP during autumn months in order to obtain satisfactory productivity.Öğe The Effect Of Wheat And Natural Pastures And Of Different Grazing Intensities On Some Behavioral Traits Of Lactating Goats(Univ Namik Kemal, 2013) Tolu, C.; Savas, T.; Yurtman, I. Y.; Hakyemez, B. H.; Gokkus, A.Pasture use and management are of importance to ensure the sustainability of pastures and to meet the need for food which increases in the spring in dairy goat husbandry. Some behavioral and performance traits of goats in the types of pasture with different grazing intensities were determined in this study. For this purpose, totally 24 Turkish Saanen goats were followed in 6 pasture plots consisting of natural and wheat pastures of 3 different sizes for 3 months. In the natural pasture where the rates of species of Poaceae, legumes and other families were 67%, 4% and 29%, respectively, the grass yield had values close to those of the wheat pasture in the period corresponding to early April, while it decreased as time passed. It was determined that all of the behavioral traits under consideration varied by type of pasture, plot size, date of observation, and observation period (I30.039). The goats in the wheat pasture group displayed 31% fewer grazing behaviors, 50% fewer walking behaviors and 20% fewer lying behaviors than the goats in the natural pasture plots, whereas they displayed 73% more ruminating behaviors and 49% more standing behaviors (P <= 0.0001). The behavioral traits significantly varied by plot size, while it was determined that the variation did not display any linear tendency (P=0.0480). The levels of live body weight and milk yield were higher among the goats in the wheat pasture throughout the experiment. It is thought that the wheat pasture is a convenient pasture for the lactating goats which provide the required food by grazing and walking for a shorter period and that it might be useful to reduce the pressure on the natural pasture undergoing the early sprouting period. On the other hand, it turned out that the natural pasture was inadequate for the lactating goats and that natural pasture grazing management should be formed with detailed studies.
