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    Abundances and modes of occurrence of trace elements in the Can coals (Miocene), Canakkale-Turkey
    (Elsevier, 2011) Gurdal, Gulbin
    This study presents the concentrations and modes of occurrence of trace elements in 81 coal samples from the can basin of northwestern Turkey. The concentration of trace elements in coal were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Additionally, traditional coal parameters were studied by proximate, ultimate. X-ray diffraction, and petrographic analyses. Twenty trace elements, including As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Cu, Co, F, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se Sn,Th, Tl, U, V. and Zn, receive much attention due to their related environmental and human health concerns. The can coals investigated in this study are lignite to sub-bituminous coal, with a broad range of ash yields and sulphur contents. The trace element concentrations show variety within the coal seams in the basin, and the affinities vary among locations. The concentrations of B. Ba, Be, Cd, Cu, Co, F, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, TI, and Zn in Can coals are within the Swaine's worldwide concentration range, with the exception of As, Th, U. and V. On the other hand, compared with world coals, the Can basin coals have higher contents of As, B, Cu, Co, Mo, Pb, Th, U, V. and Zn. Based on statistical analyses, most of the trace elements, except for U, show an affinity to ash yield. Elements including As, Cd, Hg, Se, Cu, Mo. Ni, and Zn, show a possible association with pyrite; however, the elements Se, B, and Mo can be have both organic and inorganic associations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Effects of leachant temperature and pH on leachability of metals from fly ash. A case study: Can thermal power plant, province of Canakkale, Turkey
    (Springer, 2008) Baba, Alper; Gurdal, Gulbin; Sengunalp, Fatma; Özay, Özgür
    Lignite powered electric generation plants result in increasing environmental problems associated with gaseous emissions and the disposal of ash residues. Especially, low quality coals with high ash content cause enormous quantities of both gaseous and solid fly ash emissions. The main problem is related to the disposal of fly ash, which, in many cases, contains heavy metals. It is known that toxic trace metals may leach when fly ash is in contact with water. In this study, fly ash samples obtained from the thermal power plant in the town of Can in Turkey were investigated for leachability of metals under different acidic and temperature conditions. The experimental results show that a decrease in pH of the leachant favors the extraction of metal ions from fly ash. A significant increase in the extraction of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, zinc, lead, mercury, and selenium ions from the ash is attributed to the instability of the mineral phases. These heavy metals concentrations increase with respect to increasing acidic conditions and temperature. Peak concentrations, in general, were found at around 30C.
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    Enrichment of trace element concentrations in coal and its combustion residues and their potential environmental and human health impact: Can Coal Basin, NW Turkey as a case study
    (Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2016) Baba, Alper; Gurdal, Gulbin; Yucel, Deniz Sanliyuksel
    In this study, the variation of trace element concentrations ( total of 48 trace elements including rare earth elements) in coal, coal ash and fly ash were examined and compared with coal Clarke values. Results showed that the average concentrations of trace elements including As, B, Cu, Ce, Co, Cs, Gd, Hf, La, Lu, Mo, Nd, Nb, Pr, Pb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Th, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr in the Can Basin coals are higher than their respective Clarke values for world low-rank coals. The elements As, Cu, Co, Cs, Mo, Nb, Sc, Pb, Pr, Th, U, V, Zn and Zr are enriched in coal ashes, whereas As, Co, Nb, Sc, U and V are enriched in fly ashes. Among the elements, maximum enrichment in coal was observed for As, with the average concentration of 253.5 ppm As in the Can Basin coals, while the coal Clarke value is 14 ppm and world average value is 8.3 ppm. From the ecotoxicological point of view, combustion residues formed by indoor combustion of coal and/or in thermal power plants may be a hazard to the environment and to aquatic and terrestrial life including human beings, particularly As, trace elements and released radioactive elements.
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    Evolution of Can-Etili (Canakkale-NW Turkey) lignite basin: Sedimentology, petrology, palynology and lignite characterization
    (Irtces, 2015) Bozcu, Mustafa; Akgun, Funda; Gurdal, Gulbin; Bozcu, Ayse; Yesilyurt, Sevinc Kapan; Karaca, Oznur; Akkiraz, M. Serkan
    This study examines the development and sedimentology of Can-Etili lignite basin in Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey) along with the palynologic and petrographic properties of the coals in this region. The Can-Etili lignite basin discordantly overlies Oligocene-aged Can volcanics. The basin consists of caldera type sedimentation developed by the combined effects of volcanism and tectonics. The volcanic rocks forming the basement of the basin consist of andesitic, dacitic and basaltic lava flows as well as agglomerates, tuff and silicified tuffs, and kaolin which is their alteration product. The basement volcanic rocks cooled from high potassium and calc-alkaline magma. The trace element geochemistry of different rocks within the volcanics reveals that they are from a volcanic arc. The Can Formation contains lignites and consists of 6 lithofacies representing alluvial, fluvial, marsh and lacustrine environments. These lithofacies are the lower volcanogenic conglomerate, the claystone, the lignite, the laminated organic claystone, the tuff intercalated sandstone-siltstone and the upper volcanogenic conglomerate. The lignite in the basin is limnic and is formed in a non-fluvial marsh and marsh-lake environment. An abundant percentage of vegetation (Engelhardia, Sapotaceae, Cyrillaceae) is compatible with temperate and subtropical climatic conditions in the basin during sedimentation of lignite. The coals of Can-Etili basin are humic with high sulfur content (6-6.5% average) mostly containing huminite compounds belonging to the class of lignite-low bituminous (C-A) coal. Their coalification rank is between 0.38% and 0.56% Ro. The coals are formed in limnic-limnotelmatic marsh zones based on their microlithotype components. The inorganic components of the coal mostly consist of pyrite and clay. The trace elements, As, Th, U and V, are higher than international coal standards. The coal quality is adversely affected by high sulfur content and sulfur driven trace element enrichments. The lignite reserve (possible-proved) of Can-Etili basin is greater than a hundred million tons, and the average coal seam thickness is 17 m. The lignite production in the basin is 3 mt/year and 1.8 million tons of this are used in the local thermal power plant. (C) 2015 International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation/the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Leaching characteristics of fly ash from fluidized bed combustion thermal power plant: Case study: Can (Canakkale-Turkey)
    (Elsevier, 2010) Baba, Alper; Gurdal, Gulbin; Sengunalp, Fatma
    It is known that the concentration of elements of fly ash varies due to the used-coal and the used-lime qualities varying in different periods. In the Can Thermal Power Plant (CTPP) located at northwestern Turkey, Can (Canakkale) basin coals, which are classified as lignite to sub-bituminous C coal with high total sulphur (0.4-12.22%) and a broad range of ash contents (3.2-44.6%) are mainly used. Performed studies reveal that some toxic elements exit in the coal, including As, U and V. Also, while the As, Cu, Co and Hg contents in coal increases, the sulphur contents in coal also increase. Additionally, trace elements that have inorganic compounds in coal are mobilized into air during the combustion process. This poses a big risk for human health and keeping the environment when Can Basins low quality lignite is burned, it's the fly ash that contains several toxic elements which can leach out and contaminate the water resources. In this study, toxicity tests were conducted on the fly ash samples that were obtained from the fluidized bed combustion of Can Thermal Power Plant. The results showed that water temperature, pH and the quality of the limestone used were the most important factors affecting the leaching properties. Concentration of some toxic elements found in the fly ash, such as; As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Se and Zn were analyzed. Concentration richness of some heavy metals were attributed to the increase of water temperature, especially when pH is lower than 5. At pH = 5 value, there is no clear explanation of each heavy metal presence in the fly ash from fluidized bed combustion thermal power plant. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Petrographic characteristics and depositional environment of Miocene Can coals, Canakkale-Turkey
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2011) Gurdal, Gulbin; Bozcu, Mustafa
    In this study, petrographic examinations along with proximate, calorific value, ultimate, sulphur form and XRD analyses were performed in order to determine the coal characteristics and the depositional environment of the Miocene Can coals. Seventy coal samples were taken from cores and open pit mines. The investigated Can coals are humic coals and classified as lignite to sub-bituminous coal based on the random huminite reflectance (0.38-0.54% R-r), volatile matter (45.50-62.25 wt.%, daf) and calorific value (3419-6479 kcal/kg, maf). The sulphur content of the Can coals changes from 0.30 up to 12.23 wt.%. and a broad range of ash contents was observed varying between 2.46 wt.% and 41.19 wt.%. Huminite is the most abundant maceral group (74-95 vol.% mmf) consisting of mostly humocollinite (gelinite) which is followed by relatively low liptinite (2-18 vol.% mmf) and inertinite content (2-13 vol.% mmf). In general, major mineral contents of coal samples are clay minerals, quartz, mica, pyrite and feldspar. The Can-Etili lignite basin consists of mainly volcano-clastics, fluviatile and lacustrine clastic sediments and contains only one lignite seam with 17 m average thickness. In order to assess the development of paleomires, coal facies diagrams were obtained from maceral composition. According to the Vegetation Index (VI) and Ground Water Index (GWI), the Can coal accumulated in inundated marsh, limnic and swamp environments under a rheotrophic hydrological regime. In general, the facies interpretations are in accordance with the observed sedimentalogical data. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    The properties of Can Basin coals (Canakkale-Turkey): Spontaneous combustion and combustion by-products
    (Elsevier, 2015) Gurdal, Gulbin; Hosgormez, Hakan; Ozcan, Dogacan; Li, Xiao; Liu, Huidong; Song, Weijiao
    The goals of this study were to investigate the susceptibility of Can Basin (Canakkale-Turkey) coals to spontaneous combustion and to determine the composition of the gas produced from the coal during combustion. Coal properties were determined using burned and partly burned coal samples; gas samples were analyzed for their composition. The mineralogical variations of burning coals were also investigated. Our results indicated that the pyrite content of Can Basin coals is a significant factor for promoting combustion in addition to rank and moisture. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses indicated that the coal samples contained pyrite, quartz, cristobalite, tridymite, kaolinite, amorphous matter, and gypsum. Fumarolic minerals (sulfur blooming and ammonium chloride) forming on the surface of coal seams were monitored. Elements including beryllium, fluorine, scandium, vanadium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, zirconium, molybdenum, tungsten, mercury, tantalum, lead, and uranium were found to be higher in can coal samples than the world average. The concentration of arsenic (max. 3319.7 mu g/g) was relatively high and is the major hazardous element in the region. Gases emitted from coal-fire vents in Can coalfields were found to consist of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, greenhouse gases, and toxic concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and benzene. Hydrocarbon concentrations ranged from 77 to 92%, and the dominant hydrocarbon gas was methane. Ethane (0.3 to 2.1%) and propane (0.2 to 1.4%) were also detected. Hazardous compounds such as 5-methyl-3-propyl-1,2-oxazole (C7H11NO) ethanediimidic acid, 1,2-dihydrazide (C2H8N6), and 2,3-dihydrofuran (C4H6O); high concentrations of nitrogen (N-2) (max. 6.8%) and carbon dioxide (CO2) (max. 18.2%); and low concentrations of carbon monoxide were also determined. Greenhouse gases (CO2 and methane (CH4)) from burning coal beds may contribute to climate change and alter ecosystems. Gas components including furan, H2S, CO, carbon disulfide (CS2), benzene etc., can be hazardous to human health, even in trace amounts. As a result, the uncontrolled release of pollutants from burning coal beds presents potential environmental and human health hazards. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.