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    Bacteriological quality, heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in Sapanca Lake, Turkey
    (Springer, 2019) Turetken, Pelin S. Ciftci; Altug, Gulsen; Cardak, Mine; Gunes, Kemal
    Sapanca Lake is important as a source of drinking water. In this study, we aimed to detect the bacterial quality, the frequency of bacterial antibiotic and heavy metal resistance, and bioindicator bacteria in the water samples taken from Sapanca Lake in the period between 2008 and 2010. The resistance of bacterial isolates to certain antibiotics and heavy metal salts was investigated using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration techniques. Bacterial metabolic reactions were tested using the VITEK 2 Compact 30 micro identification system for identification of cultivable bacteria. Twenty-seven bacteria species belonging to three classesGammaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Flavobacteriawere recorded for the first time in Sapanca Lake. The highest indicator bacteria were recorded as 71 +/- 3.1x10(4) CFU/100ml in the summer season. The highest bacterial resistance was recorded as 90.47% against vancomycin in a total of 84 strains. Ampicillin (88.10%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (64.29%) followed them. The resistance varied between 10.71 and 59.52% against cefuroxime, kanamycin, aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and oxacillin. The highest frequency against heavy metal salts was recorded as 74.19% against NiCl2. The heavy metal resistance against Cu, Zn, Hg, and Cd detected as 52.38%, 46.42%, 33.33%, and 26.19%, respectively. The results showed that the occurrence of heavy metals and antibiotic sources in Sapanca Lake induced a tolerance in bacteria for the metal salts and antibiotic derivatives tested. The fluctuations in the indicator bacteria and the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria also showed the possibility that the coastal areas of Sapanca Lake had been exposed to contamination due to inadequate sewage treatment.
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    Oil Hydrocarbon Degradation Capability of Bacterial Strains Isolated from the Sapanca Lake, Turkey
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ, 2018) Ciftci Turetken, Pelin S.; Altug, Gulsen; Cardak, Mine; Gunes, Kemal
    In this study, the analyses were carried out to determine oil-degradation capacity and oil-resistance levels of bacteria isolated from water surface (0-30 cm) of nine stations of the Sapanca Lake from September of 2008 to May of 2010. Twenty-seven bacteria species belonging three classes and six families total of eighty-five wild bacteria were identified and screened against crude oil with respect to Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Bacterial isolates showing resistance against crude oil were chosen for Emulsification Index (E-24) test. Isolates displaying higher E-24 values were selected for further degradation tests regarding pH and oil thickness values in experimental setups. Fifty bacterial strains of eighty-five isolates were recorded to be resistant against oil hydrocarbon. Positive reactions percentages of the isolates against crude oil were detected in variable ranges between 25% and 100%. The results of the emulsification index test for crude oil indicated that the isolates of S49-Stenotrophomonas maltophila, S50-Aeromonas hydrophila, S59-E. coli1, S38-Aeromonas hydrophila and S43-Enterobacter cloaceae have higher emulsification percentages. The results of the degradation test showed that isolate of S59-E. coli1 has higher degradation ability than all isolates tested. The bacteria screened against crude oil were detected to be sensitive against crude oil during the first year of the study. Presence of petroleum-resistant bacteria in subsequent tests was associated with the unexpected oil spill occurred in the Sapanca Lake at the time. Detected crude oil resistant bacteria isolates were stocked for a possible use in upcoming bioremediation related studies.