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Determination of Entomopathogenic Nematode Persistency with Surface Spraying and Soil Injection Applications in a Peach Orchard
(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2022) Sahin, Cigdem; Gozel, Ugur
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are effective biological control agents against underground and cryptic pests. Persistency and survival of EPN in soil after soil application is important for long term success of management programs. In this study, it was aimed to determine the soil persistency of 4 native EPN species after surface spraying and soil injection applications in a peach orchard. In the study, S. feltiae (96), S. carpocapsae 1133, H. bacteriophora 1144 and S. affine 47 species were applied in 30 l water with 140.000 IJ/tree dose per tree by surface spraying and soil injection methods. EPN were applied to soil with a watering can in surface spraying method and with a pulverizator into 5-15 cm depth in soil injection method. After the monthly application, soil samples were collected and EPN presence was tested with G. mellonella larvae and White traps in the laboratory. The study was conducted for 2 times in 2018 and 2019. At the end of the study, EPN persistency in soil was found to be 90 days in 2018 and 150 days in 2019.
Effect of entomopathogenic nematode species on the corn stalk borer (Sesamia cretica Led. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different temperatures
(Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2013) Gozel, Ugur; Gunes, Cigdem
Three Turkish strains of the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae (Adapazari), S. feltiae (Canakkale) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Kirklareli), were tested in the laboratory for their virulence on the last instar larvae of the corn stalk borer, Sesamia cretica. Mortality rates of last instar S. cretica larvae were determined for each nematode species under four different temperature treatments. Accordingly, at 15 degrees C, mortalities of S. cretica exposed to S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora were 48, 56 and 14%, respectively. These mortalities at 20 degrees C were 62, 76 and 50%; at 25 degrees C, 82, 90 and 90%; and at 30 degrees C (the highest application temperature), mortality was 82, 92 and 94%, respectively. These results show that S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae caused similar mortalities at all applied temperatures and their effectiveness increased as the temperature increased. Although H. bacteriophora caused low mortality at low temperatures, it infected and caused very high levels of mortality at relatively high temperatures.
Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against neonate larvae of Capnodis tenebrionis (L., 1758) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
(Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2019) Sahin, Cigdem; Gozel, Ugur
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) have a high potential for control of pests living in isolated places such as underground or galleries. In this study, mortality rates of Capnodis tenebrionis (L., 1758) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) larvae from four EPN species Steinernema affine Bovien, 1937, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, 1934, Steinernema feltiae Filipjev, 1934 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) collected from Turkey under controlled conditions were determined. EPN used in the study were cultured on Galleria mellonella (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Adults of C. tenebrionis were collected from the orchards of Canakkale Province and, eggs and larvae were cultured under controlled conditions. Three densities of EPN species, viz. 50, 500 and 1000 infective juveniles/C. tenebrionis, were applied in 12-well plates. Cherry saplings were planted into pots with sterilized soil mixture and 10 neonate larvae of C. tenebrionis added to each pot. To each pot, 40,000 infective juveniles were applied for each EPN species in 10 ml of water. Mortalities of C. tenebrionis larvae were determined 1, 3, 5 and 7 d after application. In the plates, mortality of C. tenebrionis larvae increased with time after EPN application. For all application rates, mortality of C. tenebrionis larvae was 100% by day 5. Mortality of C. tenebrionis larvae ranged between 50 and 90% depending on species and time in pots. Efficacy studies were conducted in 2016 in Canakkale. Research on the efficacy of EPN species that have a high mortality under controlled conditions is important to determine their potential to control the target pest.
Efficacy of Native Entomopathogenic Nematodes on the Larvae of Tomato Leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
(Galenos Publ House, 2020) Gozel, Cigdem; Kasap, Ismail; Gozel, Ugur
This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of native entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs); Steinemema affine 46 (Bovien, 1937), S. feltiae 879 (Filipjev, 1934), S. carpocapsae 1133 (Weiser, 1955) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 1144 (Poinar, 1976) on the larvae of tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Bioassays were conducted in the laboratory at four different temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 25 +/- 1 degrees C) in the plates and 30 infective juveniles (IJs) were inoculated to a single T. absoluta larva for each nematode species. After nematode inoculation, larvae were checked on the 3rd, 5th, 7th days and mortalities were recorded. All nematode species used in the study showed the lowest efficacy on the 3rd control day at 10 degrees C and the highest efficacy on the 7th day at 25 degrees C. S. feltiae 879 was found as the most efficient species with the highest mortality (91.67%) among EPNs used in the study. The results proved that T. absoluta larvae are highly susceptible to EPNs and the control of the pest by EPNs on this stage is successful.
First Record of Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) (Chitwood, 1949) on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Growing Areas in the Southern Marmara Region
(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2024) Yilmaz, Aysenur; Cakmak, Taylan; Gozel, Ugur
Root-knot nematodes are the most important plant parasitic nematode group due to their wide host range and difficulties in control and cause significant quality and yield losses in vegetables including lettuce plants. Root-knot nematodes are causing symptoms such as yellowing, wilting, and stunting on lettuce plants. For monitoring lettuce fields for detecting nematode-infected areas, surveys were made to the lettuce growing areas of & Ccedil;anakkale province in the winter months of 2021-2022 and the plants infected with root-knot nematodes were examined and pure nematode cultures were obtained in the laboratory. A total of 16 plant and soil samples were taken and 3 of them were found to be infected with root-knot nematodes. Species identification was made using morphological methods and morphometric measurements from second-stage infective juvenile and female individuals obtained from pure cultures. As a result, the first record of Meloidogyne javanica in lettuce-growing areas in the Southern Marmara Region was made in this study.
First record of three plant parasitic nematode species from Mount Ararat (Agri) in Turkey
(Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2019) Cakmak, Taylan; Gozel, Cigdem; Kaydan, M. Bora; Gozel, Ugur
In this study, plant parasitic nematode fauna from Mount Ararat was determined according to altitude. A total of 30 soil samples were taken in 2013 during summer. Nematodes were extracted by a modified Baermann funnel technique. Nematodes were identified by morphology, morphometric and phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the D2-D3 and ITS1-rRNA gene sequences. Permanent slides of individuals were made and species-specific characters were screened by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM studies were processed at the Department of Animal Biology, Vegetal Biology and Ecology, SEM laboratory University of Jaen in Spain during 2014. A total of 19 plant parasitic nematodes were identified from Mount Ararat. Three plant parasitic nematodes Rotylenchus conicaudatus Atighi et al., 2011 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae), Heterodera trifolii Goffart, 1932 (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) and Tylenchorhynchus mangiferae (Luqman & Khan, 1986) (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae) from this study are new records for plant parasitic nematode fauna of the Turkish.
First Report of Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hapla (Chitwood, 1949) (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) on Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A.W. Hill) in Türkiye
(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2023) Yilmaz, Ayenur; Cakmak, Taylan; Gozel, Ugur
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is an important culinary herb originated from the Mediterranean basin, where it still can be found in wild forms, and is taxonomically positioned in the Apiaceae family. In Turkey, it is cultivated extensively in the Mediterranean and Aegean Regions, and in the Marmara Region. There are several diseases and pests affecting the yield and quality in the parsley cultivated areas. Root-knot nematodes are among the most important pests in winter crop production with the ability of a wide host plant range. Root-knot nematodes weaken the parsley plant, causing significant quality losses, and showing signs of stunting and yellowing of the leaves. In this study, parsley plants with typical symptoms of root-knot nematodes were detected in surveys conducted in canakkale province, Turkiye. Pure cultures of the root-knot nematode obtained from the roots of parsley were identified up to the species level. Species identification and diagnosis were made by morphological and morphometrical measurements from second-stage juveniles and female individuals obtained from pure cultures. As a result, Meloidogyne hapla was detected first time on parsley plants in Turkiye.
First Report of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria on Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in Turkey
(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2022) Atas, Hurkan; Uysal, Gulsum; Gozel, Cigdem; Gozel, Ugur; Devran, Zubeyir
Lemon palm (Melissa officinalis L.), a perennial plant from Lamiaceae family, is cultivated in all Mediterranean countries and coastal regions of Turkiye. It can be attacked by several pathogens like nematodes which reduce its yield and quality. In this study, morphometric measurements, morphological and molecular identifications were done using juveniles and females obtained from galled roots of lemon balm collected from Balikesir province of Turkiye. As a result, M. arenaria was the only identified species in analyzed samples. This is the first report of M. arenaria detected on lemon balm in Turkiye.
Heterorhabditis floridensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) from Florida
(Magnolia Press, 2006) Nguyen, Khuong B.; Gozel, Ugur; Köppenhöfer, Heather S.; Adams, Byron J.
In a survey of entomopathogenic nematodes associated with plants and trees in areas adjacent to production citrus groves in Florida, a new species of nematode in the genus Heterorhabditis was found based of morphological and molecular studies. The new nematode is described as Heterorhabditis floridensis n. sp. H. floridensis n. sp. is characterized by males, females, and infective juveniles. For males, the number of papillae in the terminal group of bursa is variable, either with 2 pairs of papillae (40%), with 3 papillae on one side and 2 papillae on the other side (30%), with one pair of papillae (20%), or with three pairs of papillae (10%). SW and GS values are 179 and 50, respectively. Females have a typical vulva pattern, which is different from that of closely related nematode species H. bacteriophora, H. mexicana, and H. indica. For infective juveniles, EP=109 (101-122) ?m, ES=135 (123-142) ?m, tail length=103 (91-113) ?m, and a=27.6 (25-32) are different from those of the above-mentioned three related nematodes. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS regions show that the new species forms a clade with H. mexicana, H. baujardi and H. indica and differs from these species by several nucleotide autapomorphies. Copyright © 2006 Magnolia Press.
Identification of Root-knot Nematode ( Meloidogyne spp. Goeldi, 1887) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) Species in Celery ( Apium graveolens L.) (Apiaceae) Growing Areas of Çanakkale Province
(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2024) Yagcikose, Serifali; Uysal, Gulsum; Yilmaz, Aysenur; Devran, Zubeyir; Gozel, Ugur
In this study, the species and extensiveness of root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp. Goeldi, 1887) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) causing yield loss in the celery ( Apium graveolensL.) L.) (Apiaceae) production areas of & Ccedil;anakkale were determined. For this purpose, celery plant roots and soil samples were taken by making non-periodical surveys of a total of 75 different celery growing areas in & Ccedil;anakkale province and districts in 2020-2021. Females of root-knot nematodes and second-stage juveniles (J2s) from egg masses were obtained from celery samples brought to the laboratory. Morphological identification of root-knot nematode species was done by making sections obtained from perineal regions of female individuals and morphometric measurements were performed from J2s for each population. For molecular identification, DNA was then extracted from samples and analyzed by species-specific primers referring to the most common Meloidogyne spp. Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood,1949 in 9 samples, and M. arenaria (Neal, 1889) in 5 samples were determined based on morphologic-morphometric and molecular methods. The result of the study indicated that the rate of root- knot nematode infestation in celery cultivation areas in & Ccedil;anakkale was 18,6%. The infestation rates of M. javanica and M. arenaria determined in celery growing areas in the province were 12% and 6.6%, respectively. In this study, M. javanica and M. arenaria species were detected for the first time in the celery fields of & Ccedil;anakkale province.
Molecular and morphological consilience in the characterisation and delimitation of five nematode species from Florida belonging to the Xiphinema americanum-group
(2006) Gozel, Ugur; Lamberti, Franco; Duncan, Larry; Agostinelli, Augusta; Rosso, Laura; Nguyen, Khuong; Adams, Byron J.
Taxonomic keys and original descriptions were used to identify 26 Xiphinema americanum-group populations from Florida comprising X. georgianum (eight populations), X. citricolum (six), X. floridae (six), X. laevistriatum (five) and X. tarjanense (one). Principal component analysis of a subset of 19 morphometric characters accorded with the species designations; discriminant analysis of six characters assigned 93 % (111 of 119) of the specimens to the correct putative species. A phylogeny of these populations estimated from analyses of rDNA sequences (ITS and D2D3) was also congruent with species designations from taxonomic keys and PCA. The D2D3 sequences revealed very little intraspecific variation whereas each population sampled produced a unique ITS sequence. Intraspecific variation in the suites of character code values from polytomous keys resulted mainly from minor discrepancies between population character means and reported character ranges for the species. We show that, for these taxa, species delimitation based on the requirement that sister taxa evolve autapomorphies distinguishes intraspecific variation from phylogeny and, as applied to molecular characters, delimits the same taxa as those predicted by morphological keys and PCA. © Koninklijke Brill NV, 2006.
Nematicidal activities of essential oils against meloidogyne incognita on tomato plant
(Parlar Scientific Publications, 2018) Ozdemir, Esengul; Gozel, Ugur
In recent years, researchers have been looking for more sustainable and environmentally friendly ways to control of plant pests. The use of essential oils has the potential to become an alternative control strategy against plant parasitic nematodes. The root-knot nematodes are the most destructive group of plant parasitic nematodes all over the world and their control is enormously challenging. Essential oils have great potential for nematode management, because they have the chance to be developed as nematicides. This study conducted to evaluate the effects of ten plant essential oils (Artemisia absinthium, Citrus bergamia, Eucalyptus citriodora, Hypericum perforatum, Lavandula officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Ocimum basilicum, Piper nigrum, Thymus serpyllum Zingiber officinale) in greenhouse conditions against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plants. Therefore, the nematicidal activity of ten different plant essential oils at three application doses (1%, 3% and 5%) on M. incognita infected tomato plants grown in pots were investigated in terms of root gall formation, number of egg masses formed on root area and plant length. As a result of the study, the most effective essential oils on galling rate were found as; A. absinthium, L. officinalis, M. arvensis, T. serpyllum, P. nigrum, C. bergamia, E. citriodora, O. basilicum, Z. officinale and H. perforatum respectively (p<0.05). The efficacy of essential oils on the number of egg masses and root gall formation on roots were found well enough at application doses of 3% and 5%. © by PSP.
NEMATICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA ON TOMATO PLANT
(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Ozdemir, Esengul; Gozel, Ugur
In recent years, researchers have been looking for more sustainable and environmentally friendly ways to control of plant pests. The use of essential oils has the potential to become an alternative control strategy against plant parasitic nematodes. The root-knot nematodes are the most destructive group of plant parasitic nematodes all over the world and their control is enormously challenging. Essential oils have great potential for nematode management, because they have the chance to be developed as nematicides. This study conducted to evaluate the effects of ten plant essential oils (Artemisia absinthium, Citrus bergamia, Eucalyptus citriodora, Hypericum perforatum, Lavandula officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Ocimum basilicum, Piper nigrum, Thymus serpyllum Zingiber officinale) in greenhouse conditions against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plants. Therefore, the nematicidal activity of ten different plant essential oils at three application doses (1%, 3% and 5%) on M incognita infected tomato plants grown in pots were investigated in terms of root gall formation, number of egg masses formed on root area and plant length. As a result of the study, the most effective essential oils on galling rate were found as; A. absinthium, L. officinalis, M arvensis, T serpyllum, P. nigrum, C. bergamia, E. citriodora, O. basilicum, Z officinale and H. perforatum respectively (p<0.05). The efficacy of essential oils on the number of egg masses and root gall formation on roots were found well enough at application doses of 3% and 5%.
Pratylenchus hippeastri n. sp (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from amaryllis in Florida with notes on P-scribneri and P-hexincisus
(Brill, 2007) Inserra, Renato N.; Troccoli, Alberto; Gozel, Ugur; Bernard, Ernest C.; Dunn, Denise; Duncan, Larry W.
A new root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus hippeastri n. sp. is described from amaryllis (Hippeastrum spp.) in Florida. The new species is characterised by a combination of the following morphological features of females: slender body, flat, plain and smooth face, head with two lip annuli, an incomplete third annulus, and with second tip annulus thicker than first, ellipsoidal stylet knobs, rectangular empty spermatheca with large round cavity, and conoid tail with bluntly pointed terminus usually showing a ventral constriction, or subhemispherical and smooth. The ranges of morphometric characters of P. hippeastri n. sp. overlap with those of P. scribneri and P. hexincisus. These three species also share some morphological and biological features such as two lip annuli, an empty spermatheca and similar lateral fields, but differ in the morphology of head patterns (smooth face in P. hippeastri n. sp. vs divided face in the others) and tail termini (hemispherical and subhemispherical in P. scribneri and subdigitate in P. hexincisus vs bluntly pointed in P. hippeastri n. sp.). A reference population of P. scribneri from Ohio and one of P. hexincisus from Tennessee were obtained during the course of unsuccessful attempts to recover P. scribneri at the type locale in Tennessee. The D3 rDNA sequences of the reference populations matched GenBank sequences for these two species. Small morphological differences between the P. scribneri population from Ohio and the P. scribneri lectotype occurred in the shape of stylet knobs (ellipsoidal vs round) and spermatheca (round with a central cavity vs oblong) and also in the length of the pharyngeal overlap (longer in the reference population). These morphological differences cast doubt about the identity of the lectotype, which may be P. hexincisus. New morphological details were obtained for P. hexincisus from Tennessee, which included a divided face, an almost rectangular empty spermatheca with a central cavity and subdigitate tail termini. Based on our phylogenetic inferences from DNA sequences P. hippeastri n. sp. is more closely related to P. zeae and a Florida population of P. loosi than to P. scribneri or P. hexincisus.
Steinernema khoisanae n. sp (Rhabditida:Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa
(Brill, 2006) Nguyen, Khuong B.; Malan, Antoinette P.; Gozel, Ugur
A new species of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema khoisanae n. sp. is described from South Africa. The new species is characterised by morphometrics of the infective juvenile with body length 1076 mu m, narrow body diameter of 33 mu m, excretory pore 94 mu m from anterior end, tail 85 mu m long, a = 33, D% = 68, H% = 57, and E% = 111. The lateral field pattern of the new species is 2, 7, 8, 6, 4 and 2. The male of the first generation can be recognised by the spicule and the gubernaculum shape, excretory pore located posteriorly near the end of the pharynx, D% = 88, and SW% = 199. The first generation female can be recognised by the non-protruding vulva and tail bearing a prominent mucron. Steinernema khoisanae n. sp. is characterised genetically by sequences of the internal transcribed spacers and D2/D3 regions of 28S ribosomal DNA, by composition of their sequences and by numerous unique, derived, nucleotide character states. Phylogenetic trees show that S. khoisanae n. sp. and other members of the S. glaseri-group form a monophyletic assemblage.
Steinernema texanum n. sp (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Texas, USA
(Brill, 2007) Nguyen, Khuong B.; Stuart, Robin J.; Andalo, Vanessa; Gozel, Ugur; Rogers, Michael E.
Steinernema texanum n. sp. is characterised by morphometrics of the infective juvenile with body length = 756 mu m, distance from anterior end to the excretory pore = 59 mu m, tail = 73 mu m, ratio a = 25, H% = 59 and E% = 81. The lateral field pattern of the new species is 2, 7, 2, and is typical for the species. The male of the first generation can be recognised by the spicule and the gubernaculum lengths and shapes, position of the excretory pore, D% = 67 and GS% = 75. The female can be recognised by the vulva with very low epiptygma and two wart-like structures anterior to the tail tip that are always present on the ventral side. Steinernema texanum n. sp. is characterised genetically by the sequence of the ITS region (sequence length = 956 bp, the length of ITS I = 263 bp, ITS2 = 286 bp, composition of its sequence and by 18 autapomorphies) and by sequence of D2D3 regions (sequence length = 860 bp, its composition and 15 autapomorphies). Steinernema texanum n. sp. is closely related to species in the feltiae-group, which include S. akhursti, S. feltiae, S. hebeiense, S. jollieti, S. kraussei, S. kushidai, S. litorale, S. monticolum, S. oregonense, S. sangi, S. silvaticum and S. weiseri. Isolates of the new species were obtained using the Galleria-baiting technique from soil samples taken near Kingsville, Texas, USA.

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