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Öğe Behaviour of sheep freely grazed on Gokceada Island (Turkey) rangeland reclaimed by different methods(Cambridge Univ Press, 2017) Tolu, C.; Alaturk, F.; Parlak, A. Ozaslan; Gokkus, A.Extensive sheep and goat farming is common in the rangelands of Gokceada Island, NW Turkey. The aim of the current study was to investigate the behaviour of indigenous Gokceada sheep over these rangelands and factors influencing their behavioural characteristics. Grubbing (with chisel ploughing to a depth of 20 cm), burning (the entire top part of plants) and cutting (10-15 cm stalk on the surface of the soil) were carried out on selected rangeland to reduce prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach) from the vegetative covering, then forage crop seeds were sown to improve plant cover. Forty head of Gokceada-bred sheep were placed in eight fenced plots (half seeded, half unseeded) on reclaimed and natural rangeland for 2 years. Sheep behaviour was observed for a period of 1 year. Each plot was arranged with a stocking rate of 267 sheep/ha and contained five sheep that grazed freely within each plot. Sheep behaviour was observed diurnally through direct observation by time sampling (10 min) and continuous sampling methods. During the period of 1 year, the observed sheep spent an average of 053 of their time grazing in daylight, 030 of their time in rangelands on other activities and 017 in the paddocks. Significant differences were observed in the time of grazing, resting, locomotion and rumination by season. The highest grazing ratio was noticed in spring while the lowest was in summer. Sheep exhibited walking behaviour 106 times/day. The sheep mostly (066) grazed on prickly burnet throughout the year although, when available, they tended to prefer herbaceous plants. The behaviour of sheep in the two natural (unreclaimed) plots was significantly different from those placed in other plots, mainly due to the mass of prickly burnet shrub found in the natural plots.Öğe Change of Mineral Composition of Herbaceous Species at the Mediterranean Shrublands(Univ Namik Kemal, 2013) Gokkus, A.; Parlak, A. O.; Baytekin, H.; Hakyemez, B. H.A significant amount of herbaceous species provide to be an increasing of total organic matter depending on shrub intensity in the maquis vegetation. Therefore, the yearlong mineral contents of these herbaceous species and their importance in terms of goat feeding were investigated at this vegetation. The trial was performed in two different sites, including protected and grazed, for a period of 14 months in canakkale (October 2006 and November 2007), and therefore the plant samples were collected by mowing the dimensions of 0.5 m x 0.5 m ten frames in the middle of each month. The change of total 18 elements, including macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S), micro (Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Na, Zn), and other elements (Se, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb), was investigated in the collected samples. According to the results of the study, the change of all elements except for Se was significant in both protected and grazed areas. In general, N, K, Mg, and S ratios of the plants increased from April, and they decreased in summer, autumn, and winter. P from the protected area at the beginning of the summer and from the grazed area in the spring increased. The change of Ca followed an opposite path. Iron rates were high in the winter and low in the summer; Mn and Cu were relatively high in the spring and very low in the summer; B and Na were excess in the spring and summer and few in the autumn and winter; Zn was high in the winter and low in the other months; Co, Ni, Cd, and Pb were high especially in the winter and lower in the summer; Cr was high in February and low in the other months. Se increased especially in spring. As the means of both areas, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S amounts of the plants were 12.45, 1.98, 10.78, 10.36, 2.07, and 1.45 g/kg, respectively, whereas Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Na, and Zn amounts were 676.2, 143.0, 6.3, 23.4, 1497.5 and 27.3 mg/kg, respectively. In evaluation based on the goats which were fed with 1 kg hay per day, N in early summer and autumn, K from the grazed area in the summer and autumn, Mn in the summer and 5, Cu, and Zn throughout the year were determined as insufficient, whereas there was not found any shortage for the other nutrients.Öğe EFFECTS OF SINGLE AND MIXED SOWING OF PERENNIAL GRASS (LOLIUM PERENNE L.) WITH COOL SEASON SPECIES ON GRASS PERFORMANCE(Aloki Applied Ecological Research And Forensic Inst Ltd, 2020) Birer, S.; Gokkus, A.This study has been conducted in Bayramic District of canakkale Province in 2017 aiming to determine the seasonal performance of single and mixed sowing of perennial grass with some cool seasoned Gramineae species. Integra of Lolium perenne, Rebel XLR of Festuca arundinacea, Dumasl of F. ovina, J-5 of F. rubra commutata, Redskin of F. rubra rubra, Samantha of F. rubra frichophylla and Miracle of Poa pratensis were used as the experimental subjects of this study. Total biomass production and grass quality attributes were investigated based on the number of species in mixtures and seasons. Fresh and dry biomass values significantly varied correlating to the seasons. The highest biomass productions were observed in spring and autumn. The highest values for grass quality, color, width, and coverage were observed in autumn. Single-sown L. perenne plots had superior attributes as compared to the mixed-sown plots. But grass color had darker green tones with the increasing number of species in mixtures. Present findings revealed that single-sowings yielded better grasslands than that of mixed-sowings and better structures were observed in autumn and spring as compared in summer. To establish quality grasslands in similar ecologies, L. perenne should be preferred and 2-3 species should be incorporated into the mixtures.Öğe Forage quality of deciduous woody and herbaceous species throughout a year in Mediterranean Shrublands of Western Turkey(2011) Parlak, A.O.; Gokkus, A.; Hakyemez, B.H.; Baytekin, H.Nutritional stress during dry summer period is considered as a primary factor limiting goat production in the Mediterranean region. In this study, forage quality of two deciduous woody species (gall oak (Quercus infectoria Oliv.) and Christ's thorn (Paliurus spina-cristi Mill.)) and herbaceous species in a shrubland in the South Marmara was determined to assess their quality and capacity to meet goats needs. Dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), dry matter digestibility (DMD), metabolic energy (ME), Phosphorus (P) and Calcium (Ca) were determined in the shrubs and herbaceous. Results showed that DM and Ca in the gall oak were distinctly low in April. On the other hand, its CP and P were high in April while DMD and ME were high in May and June. Contents of DM, ash and Ca in the Christ's thorn showed a decrease in April-May and those of CP, DMD, and ME increased in May. Herbaceous had their lowest DM, NDF, and ADF in April and highest CP, DMD, and ME in March-April. Consequently, when goats' needs were considered, goats should be fed with supplementary energy feed throughout the year except for spring months, and with CP during autumn months in order to obtain satisfactory productivity.Öğe FORAGE QUALITY OF DECIDUOUS WOODY AND HERBACEOUS SPECIES THROUGHOUT A YEAR IN MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBLANDS OF WESTERN TURKEY(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2011) Parlak, A. O.; Gokkus, A.; Hakyemez, B. H.; Baytekin, H.Nutritional stress during dry summer period is considered as a primary factor limiting goat production in the Mediterranean region. In this study, forage quality of two deciduous woody species (gall oak (Quercus infectoria Oliv.) and Christ's thorn (Paliurus spina-cristi Mill.)) and herbaceous species in a shrubland in the South Marmara was determined to assess their quality and capacity to meet goats needs. Dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), dry matter digestibility (DMD), metabolic energy (ME), Phosphorus (P) and Calcium (Ca) were determined in the shrubs and herbaceous. Results showed that DM and Ca in the gall oak were distinctly low in April. On the other hand, its CP and P were high in April while DMD and ME were high in May and June. Contents of DM, ash and Ca in the Christ's thorn showed a decrease in April-May and those of CP, DMD, and ME increased in May. Herbaceous had their lowest DM, NDF, and ADF in April and highest CP, DMD, and ME in March-April. Consequently, when goats' needs were considered, goats should be fed with supplementary energy feed throughout the year except for spring months, and with CP during autumn months in order to obtain satisfactory productivity.Öğe The Effect Of Wheat And Natural Pastures And Of Different Grazing Intensities On Some Behavioral Traits Of Lactating Goats(Univ Namik Kemal, 2013) Tolu, C.; Savas, T.; Yurtman, I. Y.; Hakyemez, B. H.; Gokkus, A.Pasture use and management are of importance to ensure the sustainability of pastures and to meet the need for food which increases in the spring in dairy goat husbandry. Some behavioral and performance traits of goats in the types of pasture with different grazing intensities were determined in this study. For this purpose, totally 24 Turkish Saanen goats were followed in 6 pasture plots consisting of natural and wheat pastures of 3 different sizes for 3 months. In the natural pasture where the rates of species of Poaceae, legumes and other families were 67%, 4% and 29%, respectively, the grass yield had values close to those of the wheat pasture in the period corresponding to early April, while it decreased as time passed. It was determined that all of the behavioral traits under consideration varied by type of pasture, plot size, date of observation, and observation period (I30.039). The goats in the wheat pasture group displayed 31% fewer grazing behaviors, 50% fewer walking behaviors and 20% fewer lying behaviors than the goats in the natural pasture plots, whereas they displayed 73% more ruminating behaviors and 49% more standing behaviors (P <= 0.0001). The behavioral traits significantly varied by plot size, while it was determined that the variation did not display any linear tendency (P=0.0480). The levels of live body weight and milk yield were higher among the goats in the wheat pasture throughout the experiment. It is thought that the wheat pasture is a convenient pasture for the lactating goats which provide the required food by grazing and walking for a shorter period and that it might be useful to reduce the pressure on the natural pasture undergoing the early sprouting period. On the other hand, it turned out that the natural pasture was inadequate for the lactating goats and that natural pasture grazing management should be formed with detailed studies.
