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Öğe Biology of the queen of Spain fritillary, Issoria lathonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)(Florida Entomological Soc, 2008) Zobar, Damla; Genc, HanifeThe biology and the life cycle of Issoria lathonia (Nymphalidae) (Linnaeus 1758) on its host plant, Viola tricolor L. (Violaceae), are described from laboratory studies. In the laboratory eggs are laid singly on the host plant leaves as well as on the surfaces of plastic screen cages. Newly hatched larvae aggregate and feed on the host plant leaves. Later instars disperse on the plant and continue to feed on leaves and flowers. Head capsule widths, and weight and size measurements show that larvae develop through 5 instars. The larvae crawl off the host plant and pupate off the host. The life cycle from egg to adult requires 23-31 d at 26 degrees C, and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod in the laboratory. The butterfly has been reared continuously in the laboratory for about 2 years.Öğe DETERMINATION OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE OLIVE FRUIT LEAF MOTH, PALPITA UNIONALIS (LEPIDOPTERA:PYRALIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY(Florida Entomological Soc, 2012) Yilmaz, Cigdem; Genc, HanifePalpita unionalis (Hubner), the olive leaf moth, is one of the most important pests of olive nurseries and olive orchards in Turkey and also in the Mediterrean Basin generally. In this study, R unionalis was reared at 24 1 C, 65% RH and 16:8 h L:D in the laboratory on leaves of its natural olive host plant, Oleae europeae cv. 'Ayvalik'. Eggs were laid individually or in clusters on the underside of the olive leaves, but at random in the adult cages. There were 6 instars based on molts and head capsule measurements. Larval development was completed in an average of 23.35 +/- 2.13 d and the survival rate was 60%. Adult longevity averaged 16.0 +/- 1.57 d for females and 16.3 +/- 1.21 d for males. The mean fecundity was 352 +/- 42.9. Developmental period of immature stages, adults' life span, fecundity and sex ratios were determined in the laboratory.Öğe Embryonic development of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae Rossi (Diptera: Tephritidae), in vivo(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2014) Genc, HanifeThe olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a pest that infests olive fruits. The female oviposits in large green olives and larvae hatch inside the fruit, where they feed upon the fruit tissues. Larval development is completed inside the fruit. These flies cause great damage to olive production worldwide. Traditionally, insecticides have been directed against the adult stage, but the results are not efficient. This present work is a study of embryogenesis in the olive fruit fly. The external morphology of the Bactrocera oleae Rossi (Diptera: Tephritidae) egg is described from light microscopy without dechorionation. The observations were made in vivo and were photographed. The eggshell of B. oleae contains a smooth chorion with a cup-shaped anterior pole. The average length of eggs is 0.738 +/- 0.01 mm and the average diameter is 0.21 +/- 0.06 mm. The embryonic developmental progress is described as formation of the zygote, blastoderm and gastrulation, and organogenesis. The embryogenesis is completed within 65-70 h at 25 +/- 1 degrees C under laboratory conditions. External egg morphology can be useful in estimating the age of B. oleae eggs for purposes such as introducing genes into embryos by germline transformation in future studies.Öğe Genetic diversity of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae populations in Turkey(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Kuyulu, Akin; Genc, HanifeThe codling moth (Cydia pomonella L., Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a well-known pest worldwide and was first reported in 1952 in Turkey. It is traditionally controlled with several pesticide applications during each apple production season. The genetic diversity of codling moths was investigated in this study, based on the partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunite I gene. Twenty-two haplotypes from 9 populations were studied. The results showed an average haplotype and nucleotide diversity of 0.835 and 0.571, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses were indicated for 2 major clades using the maximum likelihood method. Median Joining Network analysis revealed that the 2 major clades are different from each other by at least 4 mutation steps. The 1st Glade consisted of specimens from Western Turkey (canakkale and Balikesir), and the 2nd Glade was found in all tested populations, although a mixture of insects and improperly classified specimens were also observed. Fst value estimates ranged from 0 and 0.179, suggesting genetic differentiation among some populations. Possible situations for the genetic differentiation between the 2 major clades are also discussed.Öğe Germline transformation of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), with a piggyBac transposon vector(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2016) Genc, Hanife; Schetelig, Marc F.; Nirmala, Xavier; Handler, Alfred M.The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, is a highly significant pest in olive growing countries, and controlling it may be enhanced by using genetically modified strains, especially for sterile insect technique programs. To improve and expand this technology, piggyBac-mediated germline transformation was achieved in a laboratory-adapted wild olive fruit fly strain. A piggyBac vector was used that is marked with both green (EGFP) and red (DsRed) fluorescent protein genes, with a duplicate piggyBac 5' terminal inverted repeat sequence inserted between the marker genes for subsequent immobilization of vectors integrated into the host genome. Five transformant G1 adults were selected based on marker gene expression, yielding an estimated minimum germline transformation frequency of approximately 1.8% per G0 adult. All transgenic lines expressed DsRed and EGFP, although DsRed was more visible and robust compared to EGFP expression, which remained stable for more than 20 generations. Marker expression and PCR analysis, including an insertion site sequence, was consistent with stable genomic insertions. This is the first study of B. oleae transformant lines to assess life fitness parameters, including egg hatching, larval survival, larval-to-pupal survival, pupal-to-adult survival, and fertility. In three transgenic lines, survival at all biological stages was similar; overall fitness was significantly lower compared to wild-type olive flies, but similar to fitness levels previously reported for transgenic Mexican fruit flies. The studies presented here demonstrate the development of marked strains for olive fly using polyubiquitin-regulated fluorescent proteins in transformation vectors that can be stabilized for strain stability and ecological safety. This is the first successful effort to establish transgenic strains for an important agricultural pest in Turkey.Öğe Maintaining Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) colony on its natural host in the laboratory(Springer Heidelberg, 2008) Genc, Hanife; Nation, James L.The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin.) (Diptera:Tephritidae) is a pest on olives (Olea europea) in the Mediterranean basin. An olive fruit fly colony was maintained on olives at 24 +/- 1 degrees C, 60% RH, and 16:8 h (light:dark) photoperiod with fluorescent lighting. We investigated oviposition behavior, developmental duration and weights of the biological stages, and adult longevity. A single female laid an average of 19 eggs/day and 200-350 eggs in her lifetime. The maximum number of oviposition stings in a single olive was 156.0 +/- 5.77, and 28.00 +/- 3.62 larvae out of it completed their development, all pupated, and all emergence successfully. Although the development period was similar for larvae and pupae, adult longevity varied. Male and female emergence percentages ranged as 38.7-52.8, and 32-39.9%, respectively. The results are presented in relation to published studies on olive fruit fly rearing.Öğe Modified agar-based diet for small scale laboratory rearing of olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae)(2008) Genc, HanifeFive larval diets for laboratory rearing of Bactrocera oleae Gmelin were tested. These diets were based on soy hydrolysate, yeast, sugar, casein, wheat germ, microcellulose and agar. The quality of diets was evaluated by measuring larval and pupal survival, larval and pupal weights, and development times. The best results were obtained with an agar-based diet that was modified from the currently used cellulose-based diet for rearing olive fruit fly in mass rearing facilities. Under these conditions, 77% of the larvae reared on the new agar-based diet completed development and achieved higher pupal weight than larvae reared on the currently available cellulose diet. The average life cycle was completed in 25.2 ± 0.4 d on the agar diet, and other biological parameters were also very close to those on the cellulose diet. Olive fruit fly larvae were reared continuously and successfully for 4 generations on the new diet. The preparation of the new agar-based diet is simple, the cost is low, and it is useful for small-scale laboratory tests and rearing.Öğe MODIFIED AGAR-BASED DIET FOR SMALL SCALE LABORATORY REARING OF OLIVE FRUIT FLY, BACTROCERA OLEAE (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)(Florida Entomological Soc, 2008) Genc, HanifeFive larval diets for laboratory rearing of Bactrocera oleae Gmelin were tested. These diets were based on soy hydrolysate, yeast, sugar, casein, wheat germ, microcellulose and agar. The quality of diets was evaluated by measuring larval and pupal survival, larval and pupal weights, and development times. The best results were obtained with an agar-based diet that was modified from the currently used cellulose-based diet for rearing olive fruit fly in mass rearing facilities. Under these conditions, 77% of the larvae reared on the new agar-based diet completed development and achieved higher pupal weight than larvae reared on the currently available cellulose diet. The average life cycle was completed in 25.2 +/- 0.4 d on the agar diet, and other biological parameters were also very close to those on the cellulose diet. Olive fruit fly larvae were reared continuously and successfully for 4 generations on the new diet. The preparation of the new agar-based diet is simple, the cost is low, and it is useful for small-scale laboratory tests and rearing.Öğe Molecular identification of invasive drosophilid Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Canakkale, Turkey(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2019) Kuyulu, Akin; Yucel, Seda; Genc, HanifeThe vinegar or pomace fly, Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch, is native to the Afrotropical region but has recently colonized new areas in Turkey, Italy, Malta, Romania, and Greece. This invasive species was first detected in 2012 in Adana on banana and peach baits and is considered a potential agricultural pest in fig production in Turkey. However, the European and Mediterranean Plant Organization reports that no direct association of the fly with fruit damage has been documented so far because specimens were generally caught in traps. Specimens of Zaprionus sp. were monitored during surveys for cases of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) damaging experimental pomegranate and fig fields in Canakkale, where we performed the field study. To better understand the species identification, a partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene region was used in this study. The barcode primer pairs were used to amplify the partial COI gene. PCR products were visualized and then directly sequenced. No insertion or deletion was observed in the 637-bp COI gene region. The average nucleotide frequencies of T, A, C, and G were observed as 39.1%, 29.6%, 15.2%, and 16.1%, respectively. Intraspecific pairwise divergence was low at 0.15%. Nucleotide sequences indicated that there were 2 substitutions, an A -> G at 343 and a C -> T at 592 positions, respectively. In conclusion, this study presents the first molecular evidence and presence of Z. tuberculatus in Canakkale, Turkey, which can help in resolving morphologic ambiguities.Öğe POSSIBLE RESIDUAL EFFECT OF PESTICIDE ON BACTROCERA OLEAE ROSSI (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) ADULTS(Florida Entomological Soc, 2012) Genc, Hanife[Anstract Not Available]Öğe Screening of Organophosphate Resistance in the Acetycholinesterase Gene of Field Collected Olive Fruit Fly, Bactrocera Oleae Rossi (Diptera: Tephritidae)(Ars Docendi, 2016) Genc, HanifeOlives infested with the olive fruit fly were collected by monitoring olive orchards in Canakkale area during 2006 and 2007, and in 2013 to study the level of organophosphate insecticide resistance in the acetyl cholinesterase gene. Single fly was used for genomic DNA isolation. All genomic DNA's were monitored by PCR-RFLP in the presence of resistance alleles. The assay was used to test the Glycine488Serine resistance mutation occurred in exon VI. The technique was established previously by mutagenesis due to introduced reverse primer that just reaches codon 488, creating Mbi I restriction site. The specimens screened in 2006 carried a resistance mutation (31.70%), and heterozygote mutation (65.21%), while only 3.10% of the specimens were organophosphate susceptible. The specimens screened in 2007carried a resistance mutation (54.14%), and heterozygote mutation (44.75%), while 1.10% of the specimens were susceptible. The specimens screened in 2013 carried a resistance mutation (81.77%) and heterozygote mutation (18.23%). There were no homozygous susceptible individuals found. This study presented the status and frequency of acetyl cholinesterase point mutation in the field collected olive flies against used organophosphate insecticides.Öğe Survival and development of Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Diptera: Tephritidae) immature stages at four temperatures in the laboratory(Academic Journals, 2008) Genc, Hanife; Nation, James L.Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most important and widespread pest in the olive growing countries in the Mediterranean basin. The development and survival of olive fruit fly, B. oleae from egg to adult stage was studied in the laboratory at 16, 22, 27 and 35 degrees C. The objective of the study was to get information on the influence of temperature on immature stages as a prerequisite to optimize rearing procedures and to understand geographical pattern of fruit fly occurrence. Embryonic development was fastest at 35 degrees C but there was no pupal development and, of course, no adults at 35 degrees C. The slowest development of immature stages was at 16 degrees C. The highest percentage of adults obtained from an initial set of 100 eggs was 74% at 27 degrees C. The lower development thresholds for the egg, larval and pupal stages were 9.19, 13.94 and 12.36 degrees C, respectively. The optimum temperature for development and survival of immature stages was 27 degrees C.Öğe The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): pupal key characters for sexing individuals(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2016) Genc, HanifeThe present study was conducted to determine the crucial characters for sexing individuals of female and male pupae of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). The experiments were performed on 50 live pupae, which were examined under a stereozoom microscope and photographed. Two small tubercles present on the eighth abdominal segment of female pupae are helpful to distinguish the tomato leafminer from male pupae. The genital opening in females is found between the tubercles and is indicated by a longitudinal suture in the middle of the eighth abdominal segment. The male genital opening is also found on the ninth abdominal segment. Typically, female pupae and adults are heavier and bigger than males. This key information and pictures will be useful for laboratory studies that perform single pair matings, sex ratios, and other biological experiments.
