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    Neurotoxic effects of ketamine and different doses of ropivacaine administered intrathecally in rabbits
    (Turkiye Klinikleri, 2013) Sezen, Gülbin; Demiraran, Yavuz; Güven, Aysel; Ankarali, Handan; Sevinç, Özdemir; Karagöz, Ibrahim
    Objective: Although a variety of anesthetic medicines are used intrathecally, experimental neurotoxic studies on these drugs are not sufficient. In our study, we used immunocytochemical examination to assess the neurotoxic potential of ketamine and different doses of ropivacaine administered intrathecally. Material and Methods: Thirty rabbits were divided into five groups which were inserted spinal catheters under anesthesia. Each group received in a volume of 0.3 ml, as follows: the R0.2 group received 0.2% ropivacaine, the R0.75 group received 0.75% ropivacaine, the R1 group received 1.0% ropivacaine, the K group received preservative-free S (+) ketamine and the C group received 0.9% NaCl. The onset and duration of action were recorded by using Motor Dysfunction Index (MDI). Rabbits were observed for five days and then euthanasized. After catheters were removed, brains and spinal tissue samples were evaluated by light microscopy and immunocytochemical examination. Results: The longest onset of action was observed in the K group. Among the ropivacaine groups, the onset of action diminished and the duration of action extended with an increase in dose significantly. There was axonal degeneration in the R1 group, but this finding not reach significance. In the ketamine group, significant neuronal degeneration and reduction in number of neurons in the brain sections were observed. In the 1% ropivacaine group, a relative increase in neurofilament intensity was detected using immunocytochemical assessments in the medulla spinalis and brain sections. Conclusion: The intrathecal applications of 1% ropivacaine and ketamine can induce neurotoxic damage, despite a lack of observed functional neurologic deficits. © 2013 by Türkiye Klinikleri.