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Öğe Humoral immune response of Galleria mellonella after mono- and co-injection with Hypericum perforatum extract and Candida albicans(Wiley, 2024) Genç, Tülay Turgut; Kaya, Serhat; Günay, Melih; Çakaloğlu, ÇağlaGalleria mellonella is used as a model organism to study the innate immune response of insects. In this study, the humoral immune response was assessed by examining phenoloxidase activity, fungal burden, and the expression of phenoloxidase and antimicrobial peptide genes at different time point following separate and combined injections of Hypericum perforatum extract and a nonlethal dose of Candida albicans. The administration of a plant extract at low doses increased phenoloxidase activity, while higher doses had no effect. Similarly, co-injection of a low dose of the extract with the pathogen allowed half of the yeast cells to survive after 24 h. Co-injection of plant extract with the pathogen decreased the phenoloxidase activity at the end of 4 h compared to C. albicans mono-injection. The phenoloxidase gene expressions was reduced in all experimental conditions with respect to the control. When plant extracts and the pathogen were administered together, gallerimycin and hemolin gene expressions were considerably higher compared to mono-injections of plant extracts and the pathogen. The results of this study reveal that gene activation and regulatory mechanisms may change for each immune gene, and that recognition and signaling pathways may differ depending on the involved immunoregulator.Öğe In silico molecular docking and in vitro analysis of atomoxetine(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Bolat, Nurullah; Hız-Çelikliyurt, Merve Meliha; Akıncı, Erhan; Akkuş, Gülsüm; Günay, Melih; Korkmaz, Şükrü AlperenAlthough atomoxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is widely used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), there is limited data on its cytogenetic effects. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of atomoxetine in vivo and silico. Chromosome aberration and micronucleus assays were used to analyze the genotoxic effect of atomoxetine in human peripheral blood lymphocytes under culture conditions. The mitotic index was assessed for cytotoxic potential. For the docking analysis, DNA receptor (1BNA) was prepared with ChimeraX, and the Atomoxetine molecule was optimized by Avogadro2.0 software. In silico molecular docking analysis was carried out utilizing SwissDock online platform. The results obtained were visualized using ChimeraX and Pymol software. Atomoxetine doses of 9.6 mu g/mL (equal to about 1.2 mg/kg as a maintenance dose), 14.4 mu g/mL (equal about to 1.8 mg/kg as the highest dose systematically tested), 48.0 mu g/mL (equal about to 6 mg/kg as five times the maintenance dose) and 96.0 mu g/mL (equal about to 12 mg/kg as ten times the maintenance dose) were analyzed. The findings clearly indicate that atomoxetine has no genotoxic effect at the therapeutic dose. However, we observed genotoxic effects at 48.0 and 96.0 mu g/mL doses. No strong binding affinity occurs in silico analyses. As one of the initial inquiries into the in silico and in vivo appraisal of atomoxetine's genotoxic impacts, the research has established that atomoxetine does not significantly affect the frequency of chromosomal damage or micronucleus formation. Genotoxic effects should be kept in mind at doses above clinical practice.Öğe Kaktüs Armut (Opuntia ficus-indica L.) Meyvesinden Stres Tolerant Mayaların Moleku?ler Tanımlanması ve Depo Karbonhidrat Birikimleri(2022) Genç, Tülay Turgut; Günay, Melih; Sıkık, MerveKaktüs armut bitkisi (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) yetiştiği coğrafya ve iklim koşulları nedeniyle sıcaklığa ve kuraklığa toleransı oldukça yüksek olan bir kaktüs türüdür. Bu kaktüs türünün bozulmaya başlayan kladotları ve meyveleri mayaların ve diğer mikroorganizmaların çoğalabilmesi için uygun alan oluşturmaktadır. Maya hücreleri stres koşullarında stres metaboliti olarak trehaloz ve glikojen biriktirir. Çalışmamızda kaktüs armut meyvesinden stres dirençli maya türlerinin izole edilerek moleküler yöntemlerle tanımlanması ve depo karbonhidrat birikimlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Termotolerant ve osmotolerant maya suşlarının moleküler tanımlanmasında 26S rDNA-D1/D2 gen bölgesinin dizi analizi kullanıldı. Stres dirençli maya suşlarının trehaloz ve glikojen birikimleri stres koşullarında enzimatik olarak belirlendi. İzole edilen K. marxianus, K. lactis ve P. kudriavzevii maya türlerine ait tüm maya suşlarının termotolerant ve osmotolerant maya suşları olduğu gözlendi. K. marxianus ve K. lactis maya türünde stres metaboliti olarak glikojenin P. kudriavzevii maya türünde ise trehalozun tercih edildiği belirlendi. Diğer izole edilen A. pullulans, H. opuntiae ve P. kluyveri türlerine ait maya suşları arasında stres toleransının ve depo karbonhidratın stresin derecesine ve çeşidine bağlı olarak değiştiği tespit edildi. İzole edilen K. marxianus ve K. lactis maya suşlarının süt ürünleri endüstrisinde, P. kudriavzevii maya suşlarının ise biyoetanol ve fermentasyon endüstrisinde kullanımı için uygun potansiyele sahip oldukları değerlendirildi.Öğe Molecular identification of yeasts from Turkish traditional cheeses: Extracellular enzyme activities and physiological properties important for dairy industry(Univ Sebelas Maret, 2023) Günay, Melih; Turgut Genç, TülayGunay M, Genc TT. 2023. Molecular identification of yeasts from Turkish traditional cheeses: Extracellular enzyme activities and physiological properties important for dairy industry. Nusantara Bioscience 15: 1-11. The determination of yeast microbiota in cheeses and the physiological properties of yeasts are very important for the dairy industry. In addition, the physiological features, proteolytic and lipolytic activities, and stress tolerance of yeasts have a significant role in the selection of starter yeast species for cheese ripening. This study aimed to determine industrially important yeasts isolated from cheese samples. Molecular techniques identified the isolated yeast strains. The yeast strains' extracellular enzyme activities, fermentation capacities, and thermotolerance and osmotolerance properties were also evaluated. A total of 81 yeast strains were isolated and characterized from three types of cheese samples. PCRRFLP determined the isolated yeast strains and sequence analysis of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 26S rDNA regions. A maximum parsimony tree was constructed by MEGA X software to evaluate the phylogenetic relationship of identified yeast strains. Candida intermedia, Candida parapsilosis, Clavispora lusitaniae, Debaryomyces hansenii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Pichia kudriavzevii, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus yeast species were identified on cheese samples. The distribution of identified yeast species on cheese samples was determined as 48.1% for W. anomalus, 17.3% for K. marxianus, 14.8% for C. parapsilosis, 8.6% for D. hansenii, 4.9% for Cl. lusitaniae, 3.7% for C. intermedia and 2.5% for P. kudriavzevii. The W. anomalus yeast species was common in three cheese types. All strains of W. anomalus and P. kudriavzevii yeast species, three C. parapsilosis, and two Cl. lusitaniae yeast strains have important physiological properties for industrial applications. These yeast strains have the potential to be used in combination as starter cultures to improve cheese maturation in the future. This comprehensive study identifies yeast species by ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 26S rDNA regions and determines industrially important yeast species using multiple criteria (extracellular enzyme activity, stress tolerance, and fermentation capacity).Öğe Phylogenetic Analysis and Extracellular Enzyme Profiles of Yeast Strains Isolated from Raspberry Fruits(2021) Genç, Tülay Turgut; Günay, MelihRaspberry fruit contains phenolic compounds, flavones, flavonoids, vitamins, and antioxidant substances that are important properties for health and pharmacological sciences. Edible berries provide also a suitable habitat for the growth of various microorganisms. In this study, yeast biota associated with raspberry fruits was determined by molecular identification techniques. Raspberry fruits were collected from Çanakkale, Gelibolu (Gallipoli). Yeast strains were isolated and then identified by using the analysis of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA gene sequences. The phylogenetic analysis of all yeast strains was carried out by using the MEGA–X phylogenetic analysis tool. The extracellular enzyme profiles of identified yeast species were determined by the API-ZYM kit system. The distribution of yeast species on the raspberry fruits was determined as Hanseniaspora uvarum, Metschnikowia viticola, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Metschnikowia pulcherrima. It was observed that yeast strains belong to Metschnikowia genus were dominant on raspberry fruits. All yeast strains in Metschnikowia genus showed different enzyme profiles against seven extracellular enzymes. These enzymes may be the discriminatory enzymes for the yeast strains in the Metschnikowia genus. When the phylogenetic relationships among all yeast strains were investigated, all strains were divided into two main clades. While the first clade consists of only Metschnikowia genus, second clade includes H. uvarum and A. pullulans yeast species. Our results indicated that restriction patterns and also extracellular enzyme profiles could be utilized for differentiation of yeast strains within the genus. M. pulcherrima, H. uvarum, and A. pullulans can be used for industrial applications for future researches.Öğe Phylogenetic Analysis and Extracellular Enzyme Profiles of Yeast Strains Isolated from Raspberry Fruits(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2021) Genc, Tulay Turgut; Günay, MelihRaspberry fruit contains phenolic compounds, flavones, flavonoids, vitamins, and antioxidant substances that are important properties for health and pharmacological sciences. Edible berries provide also a suitable habitat for the growth of various microorganisms. In this study, yeast biota associated with raspberry fruits was determined by molecular identification techniques. Raspberry fruits were collected from Çanakkale, Gelibolu (Gallipoli). Yeast strains were isolated and then identified by using the analysis of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA gene sequences. The phylo-genetic analysis of all yeast strains was carried out by using the MEGA–X phylogenetic analysis tool. The extracel-lular enzyme profiles of identified yeast species were determined by the API-ZYM kit system. The distribution of yeast species on the raspberry fruits was determined as Hanseniaspora uvarum, Metschnikowia viticola, Aureo-basidium pullulans, and Metschnikowia pulcherrima. It was observed that yeast strains belong to Metschnikowia genus were dominant on raspberry fruits. All yeast strains in Metschnikowia genus showed different enzyme pro-files against seven extracellular enzymes. These enzymes may be the discriminatory enzymes for the yeast strains in the Metschnikowia genus. When the phylogenetic relationships among all yeast strains were investigated, all strains were divided into two main clades. While the first clade consists of only Metschnikowia genus, second clade includes H. uvarum and A. pullulans yeast species. Our results indicated that restriction patterns and also extracel-lular enzyme profiles could be utilized for differentiation of yeast strains within the genus. M. pulcherrima, H. uvarum, and A. pullulans can be used for industrial applications for future researches.Öğe Recent insights into depression from transcriptomic analysis(Termedia Publishing House Ltd, 2025) Günay, Melih; Çiçekliyurt, Meliha MervePurpose: Depression is a widespread mood disorder with a high rate of relapse and chronicity that can be affected by gender, and caused by traumatic or stressful events. Transcriptome analysis measures gene expression heterogeneity in cells, tissues, organs, and the whole body. The purpose of the study was to investigate both gender-specific and tissue-specific variations in gene expression regarding depression based on transcriptomic analysis using RNA-Seq data. Methods: The depression datasets GSE190518 and GSE214921 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database provided by the NCBI. The GSE190518 datasets include peripheral blood samples (4 patients, 4 healthy controls), and the GSE214921 datasets contain human postmortem orbitofrontal cortex bulk tissue (20 patients, 19 healthy controls). All datasets were analyzed separately with the DESeq2 package in R. Later, GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes were performed using the clusterProfiler package in R. Results: Our results reveal that depression stimulates genes linked to the immune system, which is a common denominator in both brain tissue and blood samples. Overall, tissue-specific factors contribute to the association between depression and the immune system via distinct genes. Furthermore, gene ontology analyses revealed that HSPA6, HSPA7, HSPA1L, HSPA1A, and HSPA1B genes are co-represented in different pathways involved in molecular function, biological processes, and cellular components. Conclusions: Comparative transcriptomic evidence supports the immune hypothesis of depression in different tissue samples. Gender-specific depression may be triggered by protein misfolding.Öğe Rubus idaeus L. (ahududu) ve Punica granatum L. (nar) meyvelerinden izole edilen maya türlerinin moleküler düzeyde tanımlanması ve hücre dışı enzim aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2015) Günay, Melih; Genç, Tülay TurgutMaya türlerinin tanımlanmasında kullanılan geleneksel tanımlama yöntemleri ve kit sistemlerinin yanında moleküler tanımlama yöntemleri de kullanılmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında nar meyvesinin yüzey maya florası ile ahududu meyvesinin barındırdığı maya florası maya suşlarının morfolojik özellikleri, API ID32C kit sistemi ve moleküler identifikasyon yöntemleri kullanılarak belirlenmesi ve endüstriyel öneme sahip enzim üretebilen maya türlerinin tespit edilmesi planlandı. Maya suşlarının genomik DNA izolasyonlarının ardından ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 bölgesi ITS1 ve ITS4 evrensel primerleri kullanılarak PCR yöntemiyle çoğaltıldı. PCR ürünlerine göre oluşturulan gruplara ait maya suşlarının ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 bölgeleri beş farklı restriksiyon enzimi (HinfI, HaeIII, MspI, AluI ve HhaI) kullanılarak kesimleri yapıldı. PCR grupları içinde farklılık gösteren maya suşları seçilerek DNA dizi analizi yapıldı ve BLAST programı kullanılarak maya türleri tanımlandı. Tanımlanan türlerin hücre dışı enzim aktiviteleri API-ZYM test sistemi kullanarak belirlendi. Çalışmamızın sonucunda, maya suşlarının DNA dizi analizlerine göre nar meyvesi yüzeyinden izole edilen maya suşları Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Cryptococcus bestiolae, Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida zeylanoides, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Kluyveromyces lactis ve Metschnikowia sp. türleriyle, ahududu meyvesinden izole edilen maya suşları ise M. pulcherrima, A. pullulans, Candida sp., H. uvarum ve Metschnikowia sp. türleriyle yüksek homoloji gösterdi. API-ZYM test sistemi sonucuna göre nar meyvesinden izole edilen maya türlerinin alkalin fosfataz, lösin arilamidaz, esteraz (C 4), esteraz lipaz (C 8), asit fosfataz, naftol-AS-BI-fosfohidrolaz enzimlerinin; ahududu meyvesinden izole edilen maya türlerinde ise Lösin arilamidaz ve ?- Glukosidaz enzimlerinin yüksek aktivite gösterdiği belirlendi.Öğe Süt ürünlerinden izole edilen maya suşlarının moleküler identifikasyonu ve endüstriyel öneme sahip maya türlerinin belirlenmesi(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2023) Günay, Melih; Genç, Tülay TurgutSüt ve süt ürünleri maya türleri için doğal yaşam ortamıdır. Ayrıca, süt ürünlerinin barındırdığı maya mikrobiatası, koku ve tat oluşumunda önemli role sahiptir. Süt ve süt ürünlerinde Candida, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces, Issatchenkia, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Trichosporon, Yarrowia ve Saccharomyces cinslerine ait maya türlerine sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. Çalışmada, fermente süt ürünleri olan yoğurt, ayran ve peynir örneklerinden maya suşları izole edilerek API-ID32C tanı kiti ve moleküler yöntemler (ITS-5.8S rDNA ve D1/D2 domininin PCR-RFLP ve DNA dizi analizi) kullanılarak tanımlandı. Ayrıca, tanımlanan maya suşlarının proteaz, lipaz ve üreaz enzim aktiviteleri, farklı karbon kaynaklarındaki fermantasyon kapasiteleri, termotolerans ve osmotolerans özellikleri incelenerek endüstriyel öneme sahip maya suşları belirlendi. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Kluyveromyces marxianus, Pichia fermentas ve Saccharomyces cerevisiae maya türlerinin yoğurt örneklerinde, K. marxianus, Candida parapsilosis, Clavispora lusitaniae ve Rhodotorula mucilaginosa maya türlerinin ayran örneklerinde, K. marxianus, Wickerhamomyces anomalus ve C. parapsilosis maya türlerinin peynir örneklerinde yoğun olarak bulunduğu belirlendi. K. marxianus, S. cerevisiae, Y. lipolytica, P. fermentans,C. parapsilosis, W. anomalus, P. kudriavzevii, Cl. lusitaniae ve C. intermedia türlerine ait toplam yirmi dört maya suşunun endüstriyel olarak önemli olduğu belirlendi. Endüstriyel olarak önemli olduğu belirlenen bu maya suşları fermente ürünlerin üretiminde başlatıcı kültür olarak farklı kombinasyonlar halinde kullanılabilir ve bu sayede fermente ürünlerin kalitesini arttıma ve olgunlaşma sürecine katkı sağlayabilir.
