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  • [ X ]
    Öğe
    Akdeniz kuşağı çalılı meralarında otsu türlerin mineral içeriklerinin değişimi
    (2013) Gökkuş, A.; Parlak, A. Ö.; Baytekin, H.; Hakyemez, B. H.
    Maki alanlarında çalıların sıklığına bağlı olarak önemli miktarda otsu tür kuru madde üretimine katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu yüzden bu çalışmada böyle meralardaki otsu türlerin mineral kapsamlarının yıl boyunca değişimleri ve bunun keçilerin beslenmesi açısından önemi araştırılmıştır. Deneme Çanakkale'nin korunan ve otlanan olmak üzere iki çalılı merasında kurulmuş ve 14 ay süreyle (Ekim 2006-Kasım 2007) yürütülmüştür. Bu maksatla her ayın ortasında 0,5 m x 0,5 m ebatlarında onar çerçeve biçilerek bitki örnekleri alınmıştır. Alınan örneklerde makro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) ve mikro (Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Na, Zn) besin elementleri ile diğer elementlerden (Se, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb) oluşan toplam 18 elementin değişimi incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda Se dışındaki bütün elementlerin hem korunan hem de otlanan mera otundaki değişimleri önemli olmuştur. Genel olarak bitkilerdeki N, K, Mg ve S oranları Nisan ayından itibaren yükselmiş, yaz, sonbahar ve kışın azalmıştır. P korunan merada yaz başında, otlanan merada ise ilkbaharda artarken, Ca'da tersi durum görülmüştür. Fe kışın yüksek, yazın düşük; Mn ve Cu kış ve ilkbahar aylarında nispeten yüksek, yazın çok düşük; B ve Na ilkbahar ve yazın fazla, sonbahar ve kış aylarında az; Zn kışın yüksek, diğer aylarda düşük olmuştur. Co, Ni, Cd ve Pb özellikle kış aylarında yüksek, yaz aylarında daha düşük; Cr ise Şubat ayında fazla öteki aylarda daha az bulunmuştur. Se genellikle ilkbaharda yükselmiştir. Meraların ortalaması olarak otun bünyesindeki N, P, K, Ca, Mg ve S miktarları sırasıyla 12,45, 1,98, 10,78, 10,36, 2,07 ve 1,45 g/kg; Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Na ve Zn miktarları ise 676,2, 143,0, 6,3, 23,4, 1497,5 ve 27,3 mg/kg olmuştur. Günde 1 kg kuru ot tüketen keçiler esas alınarak yapılan değerlendirmede; N'un yaz ve sonbahar başında, K'un otlanan merada yaz ve sonbaharda, Mn'ın yazın, S, Cu ve Zn'nun yıl boyu yetersiz olduğu, diğer besin elementlerinde ise eksiklik olmadığı belirlenmiştir.
  • [ X ]
    Öğe
    Change of mineral element content in the common shrubs of mediterranean zone. i. macronutrients
    (Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry; Vytautas Magnus University, 2011) Gökkuş, A.; Özaslan Parlak, A.; Parlak, M.
    Shrubs are characteristic of Mediterranean zone and are a significant feed source for goats. However, nutrientcontents of shrubs vary significantly with climate, soil and especially with plant growth. There are a few studieson annual variations in mineral contents of shrubs in Marmara Region. Therefore, in this study, seasonal variationof macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) of kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.), mock privet (Phillyrea latifolia L.),prickly juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus L.), gall oak (Quercus infectoria Oliv.), Christ's-thorn (Paliurus spina-christiMiller), pink rockrose (Cistus creticus L.), thyme (Thymus longicaulis C. Presl.) and prickly burnet (Sarcopoteriumspinosum (L.) Spach) were investigated for 14 months (October 2006-November 2007). Variation of macronutrientsthroughout the year was found to be significant for all shrubs. The concentrations of N, P, K, and S in the shrubsreached the highest levels during the April-May months. However, Ca significantly decreased in April. Variationin Mg varied with shrub species. While the amount of N was able to meet the demands of goats during spring forall shrubs except for Paliurus spina-christi and Quercus infectoria, they were not able to meet the demands inother seasons. While Paliurus spina-christi had sufficient N every season, Quercus infectoria had also sufficientN during each season except for winter. P, K, and Ca were mostly observed at sufficient amounts for goats. WhileJuniperus oxycedrus had insufficient Mg in every season and mock privet in summer and autumn, Mg deficiencywas not observed in other shrubs. Amounts of S were generally insufficient for the needs of goats.
  • [ X ]
    Öğe
    The Effect Of Wheat And Natural Pastures And Of Different Grazing Intensities On Some Behavioral Traits Of Lactating Goats
    (Univ Namik Kemal, 2013) Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, Türker; Yurtman, I. Y.; Hakyemez, B. H.; Gökkuş, A.
    Pasture use and management are of importance to ensure the sustainability of pastures and to meet the need for food which increases in the spring in dairy goat husbandry. Some behavioral and performance traits of goats in the types of pasture with different grazing intensities were determined in this study. For this purpose, totally 24 Turkish Saanen goats were followed in 6 pasture plots consisting of natural and wheat pastures of 3 different sizes for 3 months. In the natural pasture where the rates of species of Poaceae, legumes and other families were 67%, 4% and 29%, respectively, the grass yield had values close to those of the wheat pasture in the period corresponding to early April, while it decreased as time passed. It was determined that all of the behavioral traits under consideration varied by type of pasture, plot size, date of observation, and observation period (I30.039). The goats in the wheat pasture group displayed 31% fewer grazing behaviors, 50% fewer walking behaviors and 20% fewer lying behaviors than the goats in the natural pasture plots, whereas they displayed 73% more ruminating behaviors and 49% more standing behaviors (P <= 0.0001). The behavioral traits significantly varied by plot size, while it was determined that the variation did not display any linear tendency (P=0.0480). The levels of live body weight and milk yield were higher among the goats in the wheat pasture throughout the experiment. It is thought that the wheat pasture is a convenient pasture for the lactating goats which provide the required food by grazing and walking for a shorter period and that it might be useful to reduce the pressure on the natural pasture undergoing the early sprouting period. On the other hand, it turned out that the natural pasture was inadequate for the lactating goats and that natural pasture grazing management should be formed with detailed studies.