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    N-glycans from human milk glycoproteins are selectively released by an infant gut symbiont in vivo
    (Elsevier, 2019) Karav, Sercan; Casaburi, Giorgio; Arslan, Aysenur; Kaplan, Merve; Sucu, Berfin; Frese, Steven
    Complex, indigestible free oligosaccharides as well as conjugated glycans are found in milk that shape the gut microbiome of infants. The activity of an endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from B. longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) is known to release N-glycans from native milk glycoproteins under physiological conditions. We investigated whether this enzyme is active in vivo in breastfed infants fed B. infantis EVC001. Using mass spectrometry, we found 19 N-glycans related to human milk glycoproteins increased in abundance, similar to previous work using bovine milk glycoproteins, and these 19 N-glycans matched unique specificities of this enzyme. Twenty N-glycans were unique to infants fed B. infantis EVC001. Bifidobacteriaceae were correlated with these glycans, confirming the relationship between B. infantis and released N-glycans. This suggests that this enzyme is active in vivo and releases N-glycans from milk glycoproteins, and may play a role in B. infantis EVC001 colonization of the gut microbiome.
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    The microbiome in infant gut health and development
    (Elsevier, 2024) Alipour, Zahra; Duman, Hatice; Lee, Joseph; Karav, Sercan; Frese, Steven
    This review investigates the gut microbiome’s impact on the immune system’s development early in life. Various factors influence the gut microbiome, including maternal factors, feeding method, gestation age, and environmental factors such as antibiotic exposure. A dysfunctional gut microbiome is characterized by a higher abundance of Proteobacteria and a lower abundance of bifidobacteria, associated with a higher incidence of inflammation followed by elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. The presence of some beneficial microbes, such as Bifidobacterium longum subs. infantis, in particular, which is highly adapted to the infant’s gut environment, and human milk oligosaccharides, has shown promising advantages to infants’ health. Reduced inflammatory markers, enhanced immune system development, and possibly a lowered chance of developing an autoimmune disease are the beneficial effects of early colonization with Bifidobacterium infantis. Modern lifestyles have potentially reduced the prevalence of bifidobacteria, particularly B. infantis, in infants’ guts, associated with an increased risk of developing life-threatening complications such as asthma, allergies, and autoimmune disease. Changes in modern lifestyle factors, such as childbirth and feeding practices, gestational age, and antibiotic use, have reduced the prevalence of B. infantis in young children. Reintroducing B. infantis to breast-fed infants is possible, however. Providing B. infantis during breastfeeding reduced inflammatory markers and mortality among preterm infants. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.