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Öğe 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş merkezli depremler sonrasında Muş ili ve çevresinin deprem tehlikesine yönelik bir değerlendirme(2023) Dölek, İskender; Ekinci, Rezzan; Alkan, Hamdi; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Ekinci, Yunus LeventTürkiye’nin doğusunda bulunan Muş havzası birçok aktif fay ve fay zonuna sahiptir. Ayrıca bölge tarihsel ve aletsel dönemde yıkıcı etkiye sahip orta ve büyük birçok depreme maruz kalmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Muş havzasında 2010-2023 yılları arasında meydana gelen ve büyüklükleri Mw?4.0 olan depremler kullanılarak bölgenin tektonik gerilme durumu Coulomb gerilme analizi ile incelenmiştir. Derinlik ile birlikte statik gerilme değişimlerini modellemek için farklı derinlik seviyeleri içim Coulomb gerilme değişimi haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Özellikle, Muş havzasının kuzey batısında bulunan Karlıova üçlü birleşimi civarında bulunan Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu ile ilişkili Kargapazarı ve Elmalı segmentleri ile Varto Fay Zonu boyunca sığ derinliklerde pozitif Coulomb gerilme değerleri göze çarpmaktadır. Bunun aksine, Muş şehir merkezinin doğusunda bulunan Bulanık Fayı, Haçlıgölü Fayı ve Malazgirt Fayı civarında ise gerilme değişiminin daha durağan olduğu gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Muş şehir merkezinin özellikle kuzey doğusunda sığ derinliklerde sismik aktivite ihtimali diğer bölgelere göre daha yüksektir.Öğe A geophysical approach to the igneous rocks in the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey) based on airborne magnetic anomalies: geological implications(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2012) Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Yiğitbaş, ErdinçThe Biga Peninsula, the complex geological structure of which has attracted intense attention so far, is located in the north-western part of Anatolia, Turkey. The Peninsula is tectonically very important region where different tectonic zones meet and comprises various kinds of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. Among these rocks, igneous rocks occupy a considerably amount of areas in the Biga Peninsula and they are mostly associated with geothermal systems and mineral deposits, and therefore they play an important role in the geology of the Peninsula. In this paper, derived results concerning the geological features and subsurface structures of the igneous rocks in the Peninsula are presented based on analyzing the airborne magnetic anomalies. To this end, a MATLAB-based toolkit named as Gravity and Magnetic Interpretation (GMINTERP) that is composed of a set of linked functions in conjunction with a graphical user interface was developed and used for the interpretation of the airborne magnetic anomalies. Some linear transformations and derivative-based techniques were performed to process the potential field data-set and also to help build a general understanding of the geological details. The close agreement between the derived geophysical anomaly maps and the well-known surface geology map of the Biga Peninsula helped us discuss the geological implications of the geophysical traces. This study also indicated that the developed interactive data processing toolkit may assist geological interpretation even in the areas whose subsurface structure is poorly known.Öğe Age, composition and paleoenvironmental significance of a Late Pleistocene eolianite from the western Black Sea coast of Turkey(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2013) Erginal, Ahmet Evren; Kiyak, Nafiye Gunec; Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Demirci, Alper; Ertek, Ahmet; Canel, TimurOn the basis of field observations, thin section interpretations, microanalytical data, electrical resistivity survey and luminescence dating, the age, composition and internal structure of coastal eolianite on the west Black Sea coast at Sile, Istanbul, was studied for a combined interpretation of dune rock development and facies characteristics. Results demonstrate that the eolianite is made up of south-dipping, large-scale dune stratification, consisting mainly of quartz sand and, in particular, abundant ooids, as well as the binding cement which is composed of calcite and aragonite. Based on Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) images, the eolianite has a thickness of between 3.5 m and 8 m and overlies a buried rugged topography that has developed on the Pliocene unit. This suggests the predominance of northerly winds that account for the landward removal of dune sands by offshore wind drift prior to carbonate cementation. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating estimations revealed that the initial deposition of the laminated eolianite layers on the underlying older unit took place at 138.57 +/- 13.65 ka, matching the Karangatian highstand or Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.Öğe Amorium antik kentinin manyetik yöntem ile araştırılması(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2005) Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Kaya, AliAMORIUM ANTİK KENTİ' NIN MANYETİK YÖNTEM İLE ARAŞTIRILMASI YUNUS LEVENT EKİNCİ OZ Yüzeyden kolay ve hızlı bir şekilde yürütülen jeofizik araştırmalarla gömülü halde bulunan arkeolojik yapı kalıntısının yeri, derinliği, kalınlığı ve uzanımı gibi bilgiler arkeolojik yapı kalıntısına hiçbir zarar vermeden belirlenebilmektedir. Coğrafyası gereği tarih boyunca birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmış olan Anadolu, arkeolojik alan bakımından oldukça zengindir. Bilindiği gibi dünyadaki höyük ve tümülüslerin büyük bir kısmı ülkemiz topraklarında bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda ülkemizin dört bir yanındaki arkeolojik alanlarda başarılı jeofizik çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmektedir. Afyon ili Emirdağ ilçesinde bulunan Amorium Antik Kenti'nde arkeojeofizik çalışma Aşağı Şehir'de askeri kışlarım bulunduğu bölümde 60x60 m2'lik bir alanda manyetik yöntem uygulaması şeklinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada amaç, araştırma alanında gömülü halde bulunan arkeolojik yapı kalıntılarım ve bu yapı kalıntılara ait derinlik, kalınlık ve uzanım gibi parametreleri belirleyebilmek olmuştur. Bu çalışmada elde edilen manyetik veriler kapsamlı olarak incelenmiştir. Verilere kutba indirgeme yöntemi uygulanmış ardından sınır analizi yönteminde kullanılan yapma gravite dönüşümü, yatay gradientlerin bulunması, maksimum gradient noktalarının belirlenmesi, maksimum gradient noktalarının genlik değerlerinin hesaplanması gibi işlemler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Böylece olası yapı kalıntılarına ait yanal yönde sınırlar belirlenmiş ve son olarak ta derinlik, kalınlık gibi bilgilerin belirlenebilmesi için üç boyutlu ters çözüm tekniği uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda ise elde edilen bulgular ışığında kazı yerleri önerilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Amorium, Arkeojeofizik, Manyetik Yöntem, Kutba İndirgeme, Sınır Analizi, Üç Boyutlu Ters Çözüm IÖğe Analysis of local site conditions through geophysical parameters at a city under earthquake threat: Canakkale, NW Turkey(Elsevier Science Bv, 2019) Bekler, Tolga; Demirci, Alper; Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Buyuksarac, AydinCanakkale is the second province, after Istanbul, that has territories in both Asia and Europe. The city, also known as Dardanelles, is located on the Gallipoli peninsula in the northwest of Turkey, and the Biga peninsula which is an extension of Anatolia at the west. The region is tectonically quite active and it has high earthquake generation potential. The city has experienced a significant earthquake (Mw = 6.8) once again that occurred on May 24, 2014. In addition to these challenges, remarkable part of the city's territory and also potential new settlement areas are located on thick alluvium. Thus, mentioned-above disadvantages clearly increase the importance of this study, which focuses on determining the areas having different earthquake hazard potentials with regard to local site conditions by performing seismic risk assessments, as well as providing a basis for the preparation of settlement suitability maps on different scales that will lead knowledge for zoning plans. To that end, an integrated geophysical and geotechnical study was performed in a detailed manner. Multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and microtremor (MT) measurements were carried out at properly distributed 110 stations representing the whole survey area. The geotechnical study, planned to contribute geophysical interpretation, involved the drilling of 110 boreholes that are close to geophysical measurement stations. In addition to examining Vs30 variations based on the MASW, the ground dominant vibration period maps were also produced through MT time series analysis. In particular, the mean Vs velocity (Vs30) up to the first 30 m and the ground oscillation period change based on spectral amplitude ratios (HVSR) yielded substantial information that helped generate the seismic microzonation maps and also make the ground classification. These outputs contributed to exhibit the risk zones in the coastal city that has a dense and narrow settlement plan. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Archaeo-geophysical Investigations in Ahlat Seljuk Square Cemetery, Bitlis, Eastern Anatolia TURKIYE(2023) Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Kulaz, Mehmet; Bektaş, Özcan; Dumankaya, Oktay; Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Koşaroğlu, SinanGeophysical methods are frequently used in archaeological sites to obtain significant priori information. These methods assist archaeological excavation strategies by indicating the anomaly zones that may be associated with buried remains. Archaeo-geophysical methods are based on measuring the physical parameter contrast (e.g. magnetic susceptibility, dielectric constant, resistivity, density) between the buried archaeological remains and the covering environment. In this study, magnetic and ground penetrating radar methods were applied to contribute to excavation planning. The study area is a historical cemetery and has been used as an interment area for about 1000 years. Considering the information obtained from the previous excavations, the research depth was initially planned not to exceed 3 meters in general, but information up to 10 meters was obtained. We aimed at determining possible graves in the area outside the walls of Square Cemetery in Ahlat (Bitlis) district. After performing some data-processing steps to the raw data obtained, magnetic and ground penetrating radar anomaly maps were produced. Based on the distinguishable geophysical traces most promising locations were determined and suggested for archaeological excavations.Öğe Biga Yarımadası'nın temel jeolojik sorunlarına potansiyel alan yöntemleri ile bir yaklaşım(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2013) Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Yiğitbaş, ErdinçTektonik bakımdan oldukça aktif ve litolojik çeşitlilik açısından da oldukça zengin olan Biga Yarımadası ve civarının yeraltı yapısı Bouguer gravite ve havadan manyetik veriler ile incelenmiştir. Bilindiği üzere, gravite ve manyetik gibi potansiyel alan yöntemlerinde karşılaşılan en önemli zorluklardan biri problemin matematiksel doğasına uygun olabilecek analiz yöntemlerinin seçilebilmesidir. Özellikle Biga Yarımadası gibi jeolojik açıdan karmaşık bir bölgenin yeraltı yapısının jeofizik veriler yardımıyla tutarlı bir şekilde ortaya konulabilmesi, problemin çözümüne yönelik birçok veri işlem tekniği ile elde edilecek jeofizik görüntülerin jeolojik veriler ışığında değerlendirilip yorumlanmasıyla mümkün olabilir. Günümüzde kullanılan birçok paket program kullanıcıya önemli derecede imkan sağlayabilmekte ancak bazı durumlarda yeterli olamamaktadır. Bu nedenle tez çalışmasında geleneksel ve güncel birçok veri işlem aşamasını ve analiz tekniğini bünyesinde barındıran kullanıcı ile etkileşimli arayüze sahip bir paket program da geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen GMINTERP adlı paket program yardımıyla Biga Yarımadası ve civarına ait Bouguer gravite ve havadan manyetik veriler analiz edilmiş ve mıknatıslanma şiddeti ve yoğunluk dağılımı gibi fiziksel parametrelere bağlı jeofizik bulgular jeolojik veriler ile deneştirilerek yeraltı yapısı yorumlanmıştır.Öğe Characterization of a Landslide using Seismic Refraction, Electrical Resistivity and Hydrometer Methods, Adatepe - Canakkale, NW Turkey(Environmental Engineering Geophysical Soc, 2011) Bekler, Tolga; Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Demirci, Alper; Erginal, Ahmet Evren; Ertekin, CanSeismic refraction and electrical resistivity surveys were carried out to characterize a landslide that occurred near the Canakkale-Lapseki-Bursa highway, in northwest Turkey. Hydrometer analyses were also performed to highlight the composition of the slip surface material. The combined interpretation of the methods yielded the mass of the landslide body and the possible subsurface nature of a basal slip plane. Sediment-size fraction maps show that the slip surface material contained an excessive amount of clay. The clay-rich slipping layer was observed to a maximum depth of 4-5 in marked by a low (2-4 ohm-m) resistivity zone, contrasting with the underlying sand-rich beds with relatively higher resistivities (>6 ohm-m). A velocity variation ranging between similar to 1,250-1,500 m/s also characterized this water-saturated slipping zone. Results indicated a buried failure surface under the studied shallow slide mass, which appeared to be a prolongation of the long upward-concave slip surface of the old landslide area to the east. Thus, future reactivations can be expected along basal slip surfaces of both recent and old landslide areas, which may pose a risk for the road structure and vehicular traffic along the active Canakkale-Lapseki-Bursa highway.Öğe Delineation of the seawater-freshwater interface from the coastal alluvium of Kaleköy-Gökçeada, NW Turkey(2008) Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Demirci, Alper; Ertekin, CanIn this study, combined geophysical methods were performed to determine layered seawater-freshwater interface which is under natural conditions through a semipervious layer in a coastal alluvium of Gökçeada-Turkey. The surveyed area named Kaleköy is located in the northeastern part of Gökçeada. Electrical resistivity tomography technique with using dipole-dipole electrode configuration was performed over two profiles. The interpretation of the two-dimensional inversion of the acquired resistivity data delineated the seawater-freshwater interface successfully. Additionally to the resistivity data, two-dimensional seismic refraction tomography survey was also conducted to characterize the alluvium properties in terms of saturation conditions. It was determined that the soil is characterized with unconsolidated sediments. This study yielded useful information about the geometry of seawater body under the freshwater. The interface was determined at the depth of 7-8 in approximately and presents an undulated surface. Moreover, it was observed that seawater intruded far distant than the length of the survey area (>150 m). © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.Öğe Depositional Characteristics of Carbonate-Cemented Fossil Eolian Sand Dunes: Bozcaada Island, Turkey(Coastal Education & Research Foundation, 2013) Erginal, Ahmet Evren; Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Demirci, Alper; Avcioglu, Mustafa; Ozturk, Muhammed Zeynel; Turkes, Murat; Yiğitbaş, ErdinçErginal, A.E.; Ekinci, Y.L.; Demirci, A.; Avcioglu, M.; Ozturk, M.Z.; Turkes M., and Yigitbas, E., 2013. Depositional characteristics of carbonate-cemented fossil eolian sand dunes: Bozcaada Island, Turkey. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(1), 78-85. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastal eolianite on the south coast of Bozcaada Island, Turkey, was investigated by field observations, petrographic and climatological examinations, and electrical resistivity tomography data. The 4- to 7-m-thick eolianite, including rhizolith morphotypes characterized by root tubules and bifurcated root casts, demonstrates dune-sand accumulation during the Upper Pleistocene. Our results showed that paleowind drift and recent windblown sand drift on the island are similar. The dune sands exhibit various cement types formed of calcite and aragonite, such as micrite encrustations, meniscus and gravitational cements, and in particular, void fills. Dune-sand accumulation took place on the truncated surface of Miocene deposits. Geophysical data showed the existence of large weathered cavities within the eolianite and a high-angle normal fault, which displaces the eolianite, together with the underlying Miocene unit.Öğe Determination of Rockfall Risk Using Fine-Kinney Methodology for Bitlis Downtown Area, Eastern Türkiye(Emrah DOĞAN, 2022) Işık, Ercan; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Aydın, Mehmet CihanOne of the important natural hazards arising from topographic, morphological and meteorological conditions in Bitlis city in Eastern Turkey is rockfall. As one of the natural hazards, rock falls damage settlements and cause significant loss of life and property. There are many inclined and steep slopes along the Bitlis Stream Valley in the city. The urban and intercity roads were designed parallel to these slopes, while many neighbourhoods of the city have been built on these slopes. The ground snow load also contributes significantly to the rockfall hazard in Bitlis where the highest snowfall was observed in Turkey. In addition to these unfavourable conditions, random structuring was also added, on the other hand, topographic and morphological conditions and the hazard of rockfall were almost never taken into account. The risk of rockfall, which is observed intensely in seven neighbourhoods in Bitlis dontown, was investigated by Fine-Kinney Method within the framework of this study. In the frame of Fine-Kinney Method, Damage probability rating, Hazard exposure frequency rating, Impact rating of hazard on human and environment were calculated and Action planning table was prepared to define the risk of the rockfall in Bitlis downtown.Öğe Determination of the boundaries of burial archaeological structures by using boundary analysis method in magnetic data(Hacettepe Universitesi Yerbilmleri, 2006) Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Kaya, Mehmet AliIn magnetic investigations, when the source magnetization and regional magnetic field are not directed vertically, maximum values of the magnetic anomalies do not located over source structure center. This may complicate the determination of the boundaries of the source structure. Because of this reason, data processing techniques are required. In this study, the boundary analysis method, which is frequently used for determination of the lateral boundaries of geological units, was tested on synthetically produced archaeological models. Applications showed that the boundaries of the structures having high anomalies could be well determined, while determination of the boundaries of the structures having lower anomalies decreased. In addition, during the search for the maximum amplitude points on the grid plane, this study has also provided the determination of the neighbouring points to be compared with any fest point.Öğe Eolianite and coquinite as evidence of MIS 6 and 5, NW Black Sea coast, Turkey(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2017) Erginal, Ahmet Evren; Kiyak, Nafiye Gunec; Selim, Hamit Haluk; Bozcu, Mustafa; Ozturk, Muhammed Zeynel; Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Demirci, AlperThis paper discusses the implications of a lowstand carbonate eolianite and overlying transgressive sequence of coquinite at Sile on the Turkish Black Sea coast based on composition, depositional characteristics and optical age estimations. The cross-bedded eolianite is a mixed ooid quartz grainstone in composition, yielding a depositional age matching MIS 6. It formed at the backshore of the paleobeach with the supply of sediment the from the beach face and offering insights into the drift of mixed shallow marine carbonates and siliciclastics together with radial ooids by onshore winds from a subaerially exposed high- to low-energy ooid shoals and oolitic sand complexes which developed parallel to the shoreline on the shallow shelf margin. During this lowstand, a low-relief dune retaining a record of opposing paleowind directions than that of prevalent northeasterly winds of today appears to have been lithified to form dune rock (aeolinite) under drier conditions compared to the present. Coinciding with MIS 5e, shallow marine coquina beds resting unconformably on the eolianite indicate the occurrence of the Mediterranean transgression during the last interglacial, as confirmed by benthic foraminifera within the high-salinity tolerant coquina shells. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Exploration for a cave by magnetic and electrical resistivity surveys: Ayvacik Sinkhole example, Bozdag, Izmir (western Turkey)(Soc Exploration Geophysicists, 2012) Balkaya, Caglayan; Gokturkler, Gokhan; Erhan, Zulfikar; Ekinci, Yunus LeventGeophysical survey techniques have been successfully applied to near-surface cave detection in karstic terrains. We used magnetic and electrical resistivity surveys to delineate the karstic structure of the Ayvacik Sinkhole, which may be considered to be a vertical cave. The magnetic-total-field-anomaly map helped reveal the metamorphic and sedimentary units in the study area. The total-horizontal-gradient map, which was based on a calculated pseudogravity anomaly, successfully identified the contact between the limestone unit and the cave system. Using these results, we positioned and carried out a vertical electrical sounding (VES) survey with a Schlumberger array along a line that consisted of 11 stations. The VES data were then processed using a ID global optimization technique, which used a genetic algorithm and a 2D linearized least-squares algorithm. The results were generally in good agreement with each other, and together they pointed out three geologic layers: (1) an overburden layer (>316 Omega m), (2) an approximately 25-m-thick alluvial fill (100-316 Omega m), and (3) a limestone unit (316-3162 Omega m); and also suggested the existence of a high-resistive anomaly (>15000 Omega m), possibly a karstic cave, located at the depth of approximately 40 in. Also, the results suggested that the buried limestone unit had an undulating karstic topography including a probable pinnacle structure. A synthetic modeling study was carried out, and it validated the reliability of the results. Finally, our findings indicated that the geophysical survey techniques used here were successful in detecting a cave located deep enough to make human exploration difficult.Öğe First note on Holocene coquinite on Thrace (Black Sea) coast of Turkey(Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Erginal, Ahmet Evren; Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Demirci, Alper; Elmas, Elmas Kirci; Kaya, HakanIn this paper, preliminary results concerning the nature, subsurface structure and age of carbonate-cemented coquinite extending along a 1.5-km long and 40-m wide loose coquina beach on the Thracian (west Black Sea) coast of Turkey are presented. An Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) survey showed that the coquinite has a maximum thickness of about 2 m and comprises seaward dipping buried 20 m-wide slabs under beach materials at the backshore. Cemented by low-magnesian calcite, the coquinite contains various bivalvia, benthic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils or coccoliths and quartz sands. Diagenesis of the coquinite occurred as the result of sequential cementation, starting with the precipitation of micritic envelops typical of a marine phreatic zone. This early stage was followed by pore-lining cements and bladed rims composed of equal-sized subhedral and anhedral crystals of calcite, suggesting evidence of meteoric phreatic and meteoric vadose environments, respectively. Calibrated values from radiocarbon dating of four bulk samples of bivalvia revealed that the coquinite shells were deposited between 3730 and 2850 years BP. During that period the sea-level was similar to the present at an early stage then dropped to 2 m due to Phanagorian regression (between 3200 and 2200 BP), which is evidenced by consecutive cementation patterns of distinctive origin. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe First record of beachrock on Black Sea coast of Turkey: Implications for Late Holocene sea-level fluctuations(Elsevier, 2013) Erginal, Ahmet Evren; Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Demirci, Alper; Bozcu, Mustafa; Ozturk, Muhammed Zeynel; Avcioglu, Mustafa; Oztura, ErdalWe present new data on the diagenetic characteristics, subsurface nature and radiocarbon ages of beachrock from the Thracian Black Sea coast of Turkey, indicative of sea-level changes and climatic conditions favoring lithification of beach sands between 5.4 ka and 3.5 ka cal BP. Micrite coatings and succeeding meniscus cements typify diagenetic history and suggest a two-stage cementation over this timeframe. The early cements are typical of upper intertidal zone when the sea-level was likely similar to that of today. The ensuing intergranular bridges refer to an approximate 2 m decline in sea-level, favoring downward percolation of meteoric waters related to subaerial exposure, marked by a reduction in Mg concentration and dissolution pits on early cement coatings. Formation of beachrock during this bimillennial period could be associated with relatively drier conditions promoting the precipitation of connective cements. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Geoheritage in a Mythical and Volcanic Terrain: an Inventory and Assessment Study for Geopark and Geotourism, Nemrut Volcano (Bitlis, Eastern Turkey)(Springer, 2021) Ertekin, Can; Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Ekinci, RezzanMt. Nemrut (Nemrut volcano or caldera) is a quiescent Quaternary volcano situated in Eastern Anatolia (Turkey) near the western shore of Lake Van. The onset of Nemrut volcanism comprised lava flows and the formation of peripheral silicic doming representing the pre-caldera stage. After the syn-caldera stage (caldera-forming), which entailed widespread pyroclastics, the post-caldera stage produced peralkaline-type rocks, ash eruptions, and rift activities with basalt- and rhyolite (comendite)-type lava flows; a lava lake represents the latest volcanic activity (1441, 1597, and 1692 ad). The scope of this study involves building an inventory and assessing the site-specific geodiversity elements of Nemrut volcano that are relevant for geotourism use and geopark development. Nemrut volcano produces diverse abiotic elements with geomorphologic, structural, lithologic, and hydrologic values. The domes (Kirkor and Kale) and the Nemrut camels are geomorphological geosites. The lakes (hot and cold lakes) are hydrological geosites. The rift zone includes geosites with lithologic elements. The Nemrut caldera geosite consists of different amalgamations of abiotic elements. The method of Brilha (2016) was used to assess the geosites of Nemrut volcano. The average scientific value and geotourism use (potential touristic use) scores for all geosites are 3.16 and 2.32, respectively. The scientific values are greatest for the geosites of the caldera (3.60) and the lakes (3.40). The highest geotourism scores match well with the highest scientific value scores, obtained for the caldera and the lakes. The geological diversity indicator, a sub-component of the scientific value, is remarkably high for the caldera geosite (0.2) compared to the other geosites (0.0). The uniqueness (a geo-patrimonial criterion), bio-cultural and aesthetic scores highly influence the geotourism scores for the geosites of the caldera, lakes and rift zone compared to the scores of the other geosites. We propose that Nemrut volcano, and especially the geosites of Nemrut caldera and the lakes, has significant geopark and geoheritage values. Nemrut volcano, a proposed geopark site, exhibits the most recent volcanism in Anatolia and is among the geoparks included in the European Geoparks Network. The volcano is registered as a Ramsar site and supports vulnerable and endangered species (Melanitta fusca and endemic plants). The volcano is also a distinctive cultural landscape with a mythical origin and is relatively close to the touristic sites of the ruins of Urartu, an archaic kingdom in the northern part of the ancient Near East extending into portions of Eastern Anatolia. Due to these cultural assets and geo-assets, Nemrut volcano is a relevant geotouristic destination. The development of this volcano into a geopark may contribute to rural development by increasing local gross domestic product (GDP) in terms of employment and touristic traffic. Additionally, we make some recommendations related to infrastructure, precautions (medical services and a warning system for natural hazards), tourism services and a geopark tourist route to increase the importance of the volcano as a geopark.Öğe Geomagnetic and geoelectrical prospection for buried archaeological remains on the Upper City of Amorium, a Byzantine city in midwestern Turkey(Oxford Univ Press, 2014) Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Balkaya, Caglayan; Seren, Aysel; Kaya, Mehmet Ali; Lightfoot, Christopher SherwinOn the basis of geophysical imaging surveys, including geomagnetic and geoelectrical resistivity, possible archaeological remains and their spatial parameters (i.e., location, extension, depth and thickness) were explored to provide useful data for future excavations on the Upper City of the ancient Amorium site, which comprises a large prehistoric man-made mound. The surveys were performed very close to the main axis of the Basilica, and the derived geophysical traces indicated some subsurface structures that appear to confirm that more-substantial brick and masonry buildings lie near the present-day surface of the mound. Analyzing the local gradients by total horizontal derivatives of pseudogravity data enhanced the edges of the magnetic sources. Additionally, a profile curvature technique, which has rarely been applied to potential field data sets, dramatically improved the magnetic-source body edges and the lineaments that may be associated with buried archaeological remains. The depths of these possible anthropogenic remains were estimated by applying the Euler deconvolution technique to the geomagnetic data set. The Euler solutions on tentative indices indicated that the depths of the source bodies are not more than about 3 m. Moreover, geoelectrical resistivity depth slices produced from the results of two- and three-dimensional linearized least-squares inversion techniques revealed high-resistivity anomalies within a depth of about 3 m from the ground surface, which is in close agreement with those obtained by applying the Euler deconvolution technique to the magnetic data. Based on the existence of some archaeological remains in the vicinity of the surveyed area, these geophysical anomalies were thought to be the possible traces of the buried remains and were suggested as targets for excavations. This study also emphasized that the data-processing techniques applied in this investigation should be suitable for providing an insight into the layout of the unexcavated parts of the Amorium site.Öğe Geophysical imaging survey in the South Necropolis at the ancient city of Parion (Kemer - Biga), Northwestern Anatolia, Turkey: Preliminary results(Henan University, 2012) Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Kaya, Mehmet Ali; Başaran, Cevat; Kasapo?lu, Hasan; Demirci, Alper; Durgut, CemalParion is one of the most important settlements located in the ancient Troas region, in which the city of Troy was the center. Many remarkable and precious archaeological remains have been unearthed so far which point out the city's importance during the Hellenistic and Roman Age. In this study, a first attempt to obtain high resolution images of the subsurface of Parion to guide the archaeological trenches was made by an initial geophysical survey applying Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) technique. The apparent resistivity data, collected using pole-dipole electrode configuration along 11 transects, were inverted by two- and three-dimensional smoothness-constrained least squares algorithms. Relatively compatible results were obtained from two inversion processes. Parallel transects showed the resistivity distribution in three-dimensional images and thus both the horizontal and vertical extents of the anomalous zones were displayed. Additionally, some high anomaly zones located at the end of the first six transects were backed up by archaeological trenches. Thus, taking into account these findings, the other resistivity anomalies located at the different parts of the surveyed area are thought to be the most promising locations for archaeological excavations. Copyright © 2012 MAA.Öğe GEOPHYSICAL IMAGING SURVEY IN THE SOUTH NECROPOLIS AT THE ANCIENT CITY OF PARION (KEMER - BIGA), NORTHWESTERN ANATOLIA, TURKEY: PRELIMINARY RESULTS(Univ Agean, Dept Mediterranean Stud, 2012) Ekinci, Yunus Levent; Kaya, Mehmet Ali; Basaran, Cevat; Kasapoglu, Hasan; Demirci, Alper; Durgut, CemalParion is one of the most important settlements located in the ancient Troas region, in which the city of Troy was the center. Many remarkable and precious archaeological remains have been unearthed so far which point out the city's importance during the Hellenistic and Roman Age. In this study, a first attempt to obtain high resolution images of the subsurface of Parion to guide the archaeological trenches was made by an initial geophysical survey applying Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) technique. The apparent resistivity data, collected using pole-dipole electrode configuration along 11 transects, were inverted by two- and three-dimensional smoothness-constrained least squares algorithms. Relatively compatible results were obtained from two inversion processes. Parallel transects showed the resistivity distribution in three-dimensional images and thus both the horizontal and vertical extents of the anomalous zones were displayed. Additionally, some high anomaly zones located at the end of the first six transects were backed up by archaeological trenches. Thus, taking into account these findings, the other resistivity anomalies located at the different parts of the surveyed area are thought to be the most promising locations for archaeological excavations.
