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    Evaluation of the health of Mediterranean mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) distributed in the Çanakkale strait, Turkey
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Gurkan, Mert; Gurkan, Selin Erturk; Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Acar, Secil; Ozel, Osman Tolga; Duzgunes, Zehra Duygu; Ture, Mustafa
    The observation of mortality in Mediterranean mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) distributed in the & Ccedil;anakkale Strait in recent years was influential in developing the research question for this study. In this study, the presence of bacteria ( Vibrio spp.) and parasites ( Marteilia spp. and Haplosporidium spp.) in mussels collected from Kumkale, Kepez, and Umurbey stations in the & Ccedil;anakkale Strait was investigated seasonally. Microbiological findings, histopathology, oxidative stress enzymes and their gene expressions, lipid peroxidation, lysosomal membrane stability, and changes in haemolymph were examined. In summer samples, both the defence system and the extent of damage were higher in gill tissue. In winter samples, enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation were found to be predominantly higher in digestive gland tissues. Histological examinations and Hemacolor staining revealed the presence of protozoan cysts, and for bacterial examination, molecular analysis performed after culturing revealed the presence of 7 Vibrio species. While the total numbers of heterotrophic bacteria detected in all samples were at acceptable levels, the predominance of Vibrio spp. numbers among the total heterotrophic bacteria detected in almost all samples were noteworthy. The total hemocyte count was calculated as 5.810(4) +/- 0.58 (cells/mm 3 ) in winter and 7.210(4) +/- 1.03 (cells/mm 3 ) in summer. These factors are considered to be possible causes of mussel mortality.
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    Influence of Dietary Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Essential Oil on Immune-Antioxidant Response in Black Sea Salmon (Salmo labrax PALLAS 1814)
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2025) Ozel, Osman Tolga; Duzgunes, Zehra Duygu; Gurkan, Selin Erturk; Cimagil, Recayi
    The work was conducted to investigate the immune and antioxidant status and their-related gene expression in the muscle and liver of Black Sea salmon (Salmo labrax PALLAS 1814) juvenile fed with dietary fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil in different levels. Fish fed with diets have at different concentrations of fennel essential oil (EO) such as 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg kg-1. Fish with initial weights of 3.52 +/- 0.01 g were placed randomly 45 fish per 50-L fiberglass square tanks (15 in total). Experimental study was carried out as triplicate. Fish fed by hand 3% level of live weight with diets including fennel essential oil at 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, and control. At the end of 90-day experimental, there were no differences in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in muscle. In liver, the highest glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was obtained in F400 group while the highest SOD and CAT were determined in F200 group. As the concentrations of fennel EO in diet increased, SOD activity in liver increased. The addition of fennel EO had no significant impacts on gene expression of CAT in liver and GPx in muscle and liver but decreased SOD expression was obtained in muscle. Besides, liver il1-b gene expression decreased significantly by administration of fennel EO. The fact that essential oils partially increase antioxidant enzyme activity has led to the conclusion that they may play a healing role in the antioxidant defense system. Hovewer, to understand the mechanisms related to the immune-antioxidant response of dietary fennel EO in Black Sea salmon, further research should be conducted on its expression and mode of action on the relevant genes.