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Öğe An overview of halloysite mineral(Chamber of Mining Engineers of Turkey, 2023) Durgut, Emrah; Çınar, Mustafa; Özdemir, OrhanHalloysite is a type of clay mineral found in the kaolin group together with kaolinite, dickite, and nacrite minerals. Kaolinite is the most common mineral in this group, while dickite, nacrite, and halloysite are rarer. Although halloysite is primarily used in ceramic production, application in other industries is increasing and gaining economic value due to its unique properties. The use of halloysite is determined by the degree of purity and the properties of the nano-sized tubular structure. Naturally obtained halloysite mineral has a key position in the field of nanotechnology due to its unique physicochemical properties originating from its tubular structure. Also, due to its reserves in many parts of the world, halloysite is a more economical material for the sectors compared to artificially produced nanomaterials. And, they find many different application areas because of these features (morphological and physicochemical). Halloysite reserves known in Türkiye are located in the Çanakkale and Balıkesir regions. Although there are many useful studies on halloysite in different, additional studies are needed to understand the nano-sized properties of halloysite ore and to ensure its use that will provide maximum benefit. This study aimed to contribute to the studies on halloysite in terms of literature by compiling studies on the characterization of halloysite minerals, reserve information, physicochemical properties, enrichment methods, and usage areas.Öğe Effect of blunging process on purification of halloysite ore from ferrous impurities by dry magnetic separation(Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wroclawskiej, 2024) Durgut, Emrah; Cinar, Mustafa; Boylu, Feridun; Ozdemir, OrhanThe objective of this research is to study the effects of feed particle size, splitter angle, and washing process on Fe2O3 removal efficiency in the separation of ferrous impurities from halloysite ore by dry magnetic separation in order to increase the purity of halloysite sample after crushing and blunging processes separately. Firstly, after crushing ore in a jaw crusher and sizing to -2+1 mm, -1+0.5 mm, and -0.5+0.212 mm fractions, the sized materials were fed to REMS-type dry magnetic separator at a constant belt speed of 300 rpm with the splitter angles of 0, 15, 30 degrees separately. Maximum Fe2O3 removal efficiency (FRE) (97.1%) was obtained in the nonmagnetic product at -0.5+0.212 mm size fraction and 0 degrees splitter angle. The minimum Fe2O3 content (1.3%) was reached in the nonmagnetic product obtained in the experiment with the feed size of -2+1 mm and a splitter angle of 0 degrees. Secondly, dry magnetic separation was applied to the washed -2+0.212 mm size fraction after drying at room temperature to evaluate the coarse particle -sized halloysite ore that was gained by mechanical dispersion in the aqueous medium towards sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), while a significant part of the clay minerals went into fine size after the dispersion process. In the experiment performed with a 0 degrees splitter angle after washing, it was determined that halloysite concentrate of 0.4% Fe2O3 content could be obtained with 98.8% Fe2O3 removal efficiency. As a result of dry magnetic separation experiments, it was seen that Fe2O3 removal efficiency decreased as the splitter angle increased, while Fe2O3 content in magnetic and nonmagnetic products increased. It was determined that washing and cleaning of finesized minerals plastered on particle surfaces after mechanical dispersion and particle release of minerals with different magnetic properties increased the dry magnetic separation efficiency, and nonmagnetic products with very low Fe2O3 (0.4%) and high Al2O3 (31.9%) content was obtained. The blunging process in the presence of dispersant caused the dispersion of clay minerals and allowed to liberating of the ferrous minerals from the halloysite ore, hence the increase in the FRE for the magnetic separation.Öğe Effect of Blunging/Dispersion Parameters on Separation of Halloysite Nanotubes from Gangue Minerals(Mdpi, 2022) Durgut, Emrah; Cinar, Mustafa; Terzi, Mert; Unver, Ilgin Kursun; Yildirim, Yildiz; Boylu, Feridun; Ozdemir, OrhanClay minerals need to be dispersed with blungers before their utilization in the related industries due to their plastic properties, and size reduction is carried out in a wet medium. Clay minerals also contain impurities such as nonplastic materials in their structure. Mechanical dispersion parameters are important in the separation of clay group minerals (halloysite and kaolinite) from their typical non-clayey gangue minerals (quartz and goethite). In this study, the removal of impurities from halloysite ore obtained from Kizildam, Turkey, was examined in terms of mechanical dispersion parameters, namely, feed size, blunging time and speed, pulp concentration, pulp temperature, and the aging process. The effect of these parameters on halloysite dispersion was determined by particle size, chemical, and mineralogical analysis, and optical and scanning electron microscope images. The results obtained from the studies of the mechanical dispersing and particle size distribution of the products indicated that the optimum dispersion parameters were determined as -10 mm feed size, 8 h, and 1000 rpm blunging time, and speed, 35% pulp concentration at 25 degrees C pulp temperature. Under these optimum conditions, a 72.3% amount of -38 mu m clay product containing 35.6% of halloysite, 46.5% of kaolinite, 12.0% quartz, 1.9% goethite, 0.9% gibbsite, and 3.2% other minerals were obtained from the halloysite ore, having 30.5% of halloysite, 43.4% of kaolinite, 19.1% quartz, 2.9% goethite, 1.4% gibbsite, and 2.7% other minerals. In this study, it was understood that feed size, pulp concentration, blunging time, and speed were important parameters, while pulp temperature and the aging process had no significant effect on the mechanical dispersion of Kizildam halloysite. In addition, impurities such as quartz and iron-bearing minerals were separated from the ore by blunging and sieving.Öğe Effect of calcite and mica contents in nepheline syenite samples on the ceramic body sintering behaviours and surface roughness(Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wroclawskiej, 2022) Durgut, Emrah; Cinar, Mustafa; Ozdemir, OrhanIn this study, the effects of calcite and mica contents in nepheline syenite (NS) samples beneficiated by high intensity dry magnetic separation and flotation methods on ceramic bodies were investigated in detail. The NS samples were, first, sintered to observe the physical and surface roughness properties, and characterized based on the change of NS samples such as color, shrinkage, water absorption, and surface roughness after the sintering process. L-a-b color and Ra, Rz, Rt values for the NS samples were determined. The decrease in calcite and mica contents affected the surface of sintered specimens positively by reducing roughness values. Additionally, the water absorption values were found to be directly proportional to Ra values for unglazed surfaces. In conclusion, calcite and mica minerals in NS samples negatively affected surface quality by forming pinholes due to dehydroxylation and outgassing reactions in the sintering process.Öğe Evaluation of Different Dispersants on the Dispersion/Sedimentation Behavior of Halloysite, Kaolinite, and Quartz Suspensions in the Enrichment of Halloysite Ore by Mechanical Dispersion(Mdpi, 2022) Durgut, Emrah; Cinar, Mustafa; Terzi, Mert; Unver, Ilgin Kursun; Yildirim, Yildiz; Ozdemir, OrhanIn this study, the dispersion properties of pure halloysite, kaolinite, and quartz minerals in halloysite ore were determined in the absence and presence of dispersants (sodium silicate, STPP, SHMP). First of all, the samples were characterized by chemical, mineralogical, BET, FTIR, and TEM analyses. Afterward, the physico-chemical properties of these minerals were investigated by zeta potential measurements and dispersion/sedimentation experiments in the absence and presence of the dispersants. The zeta potential measurements showed that the surface charges of all minerals changed from negative to positive as the PH changed from basic to acidic. The presence of dispersants at natural pHs indicated that the mineral surface charges tended to become more negative as the concentration increased in the zeta potential measurements. SHMP showed the most effect on the zeta potential. In the dispersion/sedimentation experiments, settling was slowed down with the use of dispersants. Finally, the dispersion properties of halloysite ore in the presence of dispersants were explored using mechanical dispersion and pulp viscosity experiments based on the amount of material passing to <38 mu m size and the chemical changes in the materials. As a result of the mechanical dispersion tests carried out in the presence of dispersants (sodium silicate, STPP, SHMP), 71.3% of the material with 30.8% Al2O3 and 50.5% SiO2 content passed to <38 mu m size without using dispersant, and 73.2% of <38 mu m sized material with 35.5% Al2O3 and 46.1% SiO2 content was gained in the use of 7.5 kg/ton SHMP, which was determined as the optimum within the scope of the study. In conclusion, dispersant use enhanced the mechanical dispersion effect for plastic clay mineral separation from hard minerals in an aqueous medium.Öğe Evaluation of the use of microwave energy on green floor/wall tile drying process(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2025) Durgut, EmrahDrying green ceramic tiles is necessary before the decoration and sintering processes and constitutes an important input in terms of energy consumption in the production step. Nowadays, natural gas-fueled vertical dryers are used to dry green ceramic tiles. However, alternative energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technologies are being investigated and used in many drying applications, such as microwave energy. In this study, the effects of magnetron power and drying rate on moisture, surface temperature, and dried bending strength of green ceramic tiles were experimentally examined. First, floor and wall tiles with a wet-based moisture content of 6% were shaped with an industrial hydraulic press with the specific pressures of 320 kg/cm2 and 300 kg/cm2 at the sizes of 33 x 33 cm and 25 x 40 cm, respectively. The shaped green floor and wall tiles were dried separately with a horizontal pilot-based microwave dryer at 20, 35, and 50 kW magnetron powers and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/min belt speeds, and then the changes in moisture, surface temperature, and bending strength values were measured. The minimum and maximum 51 degrees C/143 degrees C and 50 degrees C/138 degrees C surface temperature values were obtained for the floor and wall tiles, respectively, after the microwave drying. The moisture values changed in direct proportion to the magnetron power and inversely to the belt speed. The moisture values were reduced from 6% to a minimum of 0.1% under the conditions of 35, 50 kW of magnetron powers with 0.5 m/min of belt speed for floor tile and 50 kW of magnetron power with 0.5 m/min of belt speed for wall tile. In addition, the corner moisture values of microwave-dried tiles were lower than those in the center on the surface. The bending strength increased as the belt speed and magnetron power decreased within the working conditions. The maximum bending strength values for the floor and wall tiles were obtained as 29.2 kg/cm2 and 31.2 kg/cm2 at 20 kW magnetron power and 0.5 m/min belt speed, respectively. Of 52.4% and 42.6% energy savings in economic terms, 1000% and 837.5% increase in drying capacity, and 50.0% and 42.1% of environmental gain were calculated for the drying of floor and wall tiles with microwave energy compared to the natural gas, respectively. This study indicates that microwave energy can be used as a more energy efficient and capacity booster environmentally friendly process than natural gas-fueled vertical dryers in green ceramic drying. Units: m/min: meter per minute, speed; kg/cm2: kilogram-force per square centimeter, force mu m: micrometer, length; mm: millimeter, length; cm: centimeter, length; m: meter, length; kW: kilowatt, power; MHz: megahertz, frequency; GHz: gigahertz, frequency; g: gram, weight; kg: kilogram, weight; Sm3: standard cubic meter, volume; m2: square meter, area; kWh: kilowatt-hour, energyÖğe Fine-size separation of halloysite, kaolinite, and quartz minerals as binary systems using dispersion and sedimentation methods(Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wroclawskiej, 2025) Durgut, Emrah; Cavdar, Yunus Emre; Cinar, Mustafa; Yavuz, Osman; Ozdemir, OrhanClay minerals are mainly composed of aluminum hydrosilicates. In some minerals, aluminum is completely or partially replaced by Fe or Mg. Alkaline minerals or alkali metals are present as major constituents of clay minerals. While some clay sources may contain a single clay mineral, they often contain different minerals such as quartz, calcite, feldspar, pyrite, etc. as impurities. They also contain organic matter and water-soluble salts. Halloysite is a clay mineral belonging to the kaolinite group and USA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 4A) declared it as an innocuous/adaptable material to human health and the environment. Halloysite ore deposits are mainly found together with kaolinite and quartz minerals, but can also be found as a pure source. The degree of purity of halloysite ore determines the industrial area where it will be used and therefore its economic value. Since clay minerals are naturally composed of fine particles, it is necessary to disperse the clay particles in suspension to separate halloysite and kaolinite minerals. In addition, there are also fine-grained quartz minerals, and to recover pure halloysite minerals, it is necessary to determine their properties in the fine size fraction. In this study, the dispersion properties of halloysite, kaolinite, and quartz minerals in the presence of sodium silicate (SS), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) dispersants in fine-size fraction (-38 }m) were researched by particle size measurements and mineral separation properties were investigated by sedimentation experiments at different acidic, neutral, alkaline pH values. In dispersion experiments, the d90 values of halloysite, kaolinite, and quartz minerals were 74.0, 50.7, and 61.3 }m without any dispersant addition, and such values decreased to 54.7, 26.3, and 57.1 }m as SHMP increased to 10 kg/ton, respectively. d50 and d10 values showed a significant change for halloysite, while no important change was observed for kaolinite and halloysite. SHMP had the most effect on the particle size change in the dispersants especially on halloysite minerals. The least effect on particle size change was observed in the quartz sample with dispersant addition. The sedimentation experiments aimed to investigate the effects of pH on halloysite, kaolinite, and quartz recoveries in binary systems as settled products. Kaolinite settled more at acidic pH and halloysite at basic pH. There was no pH-dependent change in the settling behavior for halloysite and quartz. In the quartz-kaolinite system, quartz mineral settled more than kaolinite for all pH values. The settling experiments showed the importance of morphological differences between tubular halloysite and lamellar kaolinite minerals.Öğe Kırşehir bölgesi nefelinli siyenitlerinden seramik sektörüne uygun hammadde üretimi(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2018) Durgut, Emrah; Çınar, MustafaSeramik bünyelerin oluşturulmasında kil mineralleri, kuvars, alkali ve toprak alkali kaynağı endüstriyel hammaddeler kullanılmaktadır. Kil mineralleri fiziksel olarak bünyeye ham ve kuru mukavemet vermekle birlikte sinterleme sırasında kristal fazların oluşumunu sağlamaktadır. Toprak alkali ve alkali kaynağı hammaddeler ise kristal fazların oluşumunu desteklerken bünyedeki kuvarsın ergitilmesiyle cam oluşumunu sağlamaktadırlar. Seramik endüstrisinde özellikle yer karolarının pişiriminde sodyum kaynağı olarak albit veya potasyum kaynağı olarak mikroklin, ortoklas minerallerini içeren ergiticiler genellikle kullanılmaktadır. Bunların yanında yapısında sodyum ve potasyumu beraber bulunduran yüksek alkali içerikli nefelinli siyenit hammaddesinin seramik bünyelerde uygun şekilde kullanımı önem arz etmektedir. Ancak hammaddeler doğada saf halde bulunmamaktadırlar. Nefelinli siyenitlerin yapısındaki demir ve titanyum mineralleri pişirim sonrası bünye rengini koyulaştırmaktadır. Bunun yanında yapısındaki kalsiyumlu ve mika mineralleri pişirim sırasında gaz çıkışı ve genleşme kaynaklı karo yüzeyinde delikler oluşturarak kaliteyi olumsuz yönde etkilemektedirler. Bu tez kapsamında Kırşehir Bölgesi'nden alınan nefelinli siyenit hammaddesine değişik tane boyutlarında kuru manyetik ayırma ve flotasyon deneyleri yapılarak bu safsızlıkların uzaklaştırılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Zenginleştirme deneylerinden elde edilen numuneler sinterlenerek yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve sinterleme sonrası özellikler bakımından incelenmiştir. Anahtar sözcükler: Seramik, Nefelinli Siyenit, Safsızlık, Kuru Manyetik Ayırma, Flotasyon, Sinterleme.Öğe Mineral beneficiation of nepheline syenite with combination of dry magnetic separation and flotation methods(Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wroclawskiej, 2019) Cinar, Mustafa; Durgut, EmrahNepheline syenite is an important raw material for ceramic body composition as a melting agent. However, impurities such as iron, titanium, mica, and calcite minerals in nepheline syenite can lead to quality problems on the surface of floor tile because of different sintering properties. Therefore, these impurities should be eliminated from syenite before sintering process to increase its quality while reducing economic and environmental impacts. In this study, it was aimed to reduce impurities of nepheline syenite using dry magnetic separation and flotation methods. The dry magnetic separation results showed that the amount of TiO2+Fe2O3 in the sample decreased from 2.50% to 0.06%. In addition to this, optimum flotation conditions were determined while separating calcite, mica, and further iron bearing minerals from the nepheline syenite by using sequential flotation method. The optimum flotation conditions for calcite flotation were determined as natural pH: 7.9 and 500 g/Mg DER NA7 collector dosage; for mica removal pH: 3.1 and 500 g/Mg Custamine 9024 or A4 collector dosage. After overall mineral beneficiation experiments, albite+microcline mineral content increased from 78% to 97%. In conclusion, a clean concentrate for ceramic body and frit composition quality was gained from nepheline syenite containing high amount of Fe2O3 and TiO2 with dry magnetic separation and flotation experiments.
