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    International Consensus for the Management of Spinal Lesions Due to Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma: Belt and Road Algorithm and Systematic Literature Review
    (Springer Nature, 2025) Vega-Moreno, Daniel Alejandro; López-Valdés, Julio César; Dickson, Chau Hong Him; Rahman, Muhamad Aulia; Akar, Ali; Neto, Sylvio Mistro; Escobar, Renato Estuardo Guerra
    Multiple myeloma (MM) represents 10% of hematologic malignancies and 1% of all cancers. In MM, spinal involvement can occur in up to 50–60% of patients, presenting a diverse range of challenges, from symptomatic lytic lesions, fractures, spinal cord compression syndrome (SCCS), to even asymptomatic imaging findings. We present this guide for diagnosing and treating spinal injuries due to MM and plasmacytoma performed by spine surgeons at different hospital centers. Based on the current literature and a systematic literature review with PRISMA guidelines, we performed this treatment algorithm for spine fractures due to multiple myeloma and plasmacytoma. We obtained 75 papers for final review and created a new classification for MM spine fractures. This guide intends to create a new classification for vertebral fractures due to MM, which is significant as it provides a more comprehensive and standardized approach to diagnosing and treating these fractures. It also includes recommendations for diagnosis, management, and treatment in these patients. This guideline provides actionable recommendations tailored to different fracture types and levels of severity, all supported by a robust, evidence-based logic. This makes the guidelines not only applicable but also reliable for clinicians across various levels of expertise and settings. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.