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    EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN LEVELS ON PLANT CHARACTERISTICS IN PERENNIAL RYEGRASS
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2014) Demirel, Kursad
    This study investigated the effects of varying irrigation and nitrogen levels on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. 'Caddyshack') taking into account water consumption, visual quality, leaf water content and fresh and dry clipping yield. Additionally, results were simulated with HYDRUS/1D by using water contents measured by sensors, climate and soil properties data. The pot experiment was conducted under field conditions in 2012. Three different irrigation treatments were investigated (soil moisture in pot completed to 100%, 75%, 50% of the soil water-holding capacity) in conjunction with three different nitrogen (N) applications (284 g N per pot, 142 g N per pot, no nitrogen). Results showed best visual quality was obtained with 142 and 284 g N per pot. Seasonal evapotranspiration values for all treatments varied between 367 and 547 mm per season. Total fresh and dry clipping yields were found to be 10.2-56.4 g per pot and 2.1-13.4 g per pot, respectively. Water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were calculated as 0.36-1.69 kg m(-3) and 0.44-2.07 kg m(-3), respectively. Correlation coefficients between measured soil water contents and predicted (HYDRUS/1D) values were between 0.82-0.95. None of the treatments except for no nitrogen applications were not affected by amount of irrigation water in terms of visual characteristics and irrigation water was found to be sufficient to sustain acceptable turfgrass quality under semi-arid conditions. It is advised that a 50% water deficit and 284 g N per pot (40 kg ha(-1)) be used to achieve the desired quality of turfgrass.
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    Effect of irrigation and nitrogen levels on plant characteristics in perennial ryegrass
    (Parlar Scientific Publications, 2014) Demirel, Kursad
    This study investigated the effects of varying irrigation and nitrogen levels on perennial ryegrass {Lolium perenne L. cv. (Caddyshack') taking into account water consumption, visual quality, leaf water content and fresh and dry clipping yield. Additionally, results were simulated with HYDRUS/ID by using water contents measured by sensors, climate and soil properties data. The pot experiment was conducted under field conditions in 2012. Three different irrigation treatments were investigated (soil moisture in pot completed to 100%, 75%, 50% of the soil waterholding capacity) in conjunction with three different nitrogen (N) applications (284 g N per pot, 142 g N per pot, no nitrogen). Results showed best visual quality was obtained with 142 and 284 g N per pot. Seasonal evapotranspiration values for all treatments varied between 367 and 547 mm per season. Total fresh and dry clipping yields were found to be 10.2-56.4 g per pot and 2.1-13.4 g per pot, respectively. Water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were calculated as 0.36-1.69 kg m-3 and 0.44-2.07 kg m-3, respectively. Correlation coefficients between measured soil water contents and predicted (HY-DRUS/ID) values were between 0.82-0.95. None of the treatments except for "no nitrogen" applications were not affected by amount of irrigation water in terms of visual characteristics and irrigation water was found to be sufficient to sustain acceptable turfgrass quality under semiarid conditions. It is advised that a 50% water deficit and 284 g N per pot (40 kg ha-1) be used to achieve the desired quality of turfgrass. © by PSP.
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    Effect of soil water retention barriers on turfgrass growth and soil water content
    (Springer, 2013) Demirel, Kursad; Kavdir, Yasemin
    In this research, the effects of soil water retention barriers (SWRB) and irrigation levels on soil water content, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne c.v Caddieshack) water consumption, fresh clipping yield, visual quality and leaf water content were investigated in 2010 and 2011. Treatments consisted of SWRB application at two different soil depths (30 and 40 cm) and three different irrigation levels (100, 66 and 33 % of available water-holding capacity) in sandy soil. Results showed that placement of SWRB at 40 cm depth (SWRB40) together with 34 % water deficit saved 52 % irrigation water compared with the control (no SWRB) treatment. Additionally, 498 and 653 mm total irrigation water were applied. The mean daily plant water consumption values were 5.94 and 6.51 mm in 2010 and 2011, respectively, in the SWRB40 treatment.
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    Emitter clogging and effects on drip irrigation systems performances
    (Academic Journals, 2010) Yavuz, Muharrem Yetis; Demirel, Kursad; Erken, Okan; Bahar, Erdem; Deveciler, Merve
    Emitter clogging is one of the most important factors that affect the performances on drip irrigation systems. Emitter clogging, which is formed in a short time due to irrigation systems' running under an inadequate pressure or owing to water quality, not only negatively influences uniformity of water distribution but also causes inadequate irrigation. In this survey, the clogging level determination of the emitters used in drip irrigation systems of some agricultural farms situated in Canakkale and their effects on irrigation performances were observed. The emitters were obtained from different farms in the investigated area, and were tested under the pressures of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 kPa in hydraulic laboratories. The clogging extend of emitters, flushing of clogging increased pressure and also performance values as coefficient of variation (Cv) under 100 kPa pressure, statistical uniformity (Us), emission uniformity (Eu) and Christiansen's uniformity coefficient (Cu) were established through the tests. Acquired performance values must be matched with emitter performances that have not been used in irrigation. As a result of the study it was determined that some emitters are plugged on laterals used for 2 or 3 years in consequence of the tests. It as also determined that emitter coefficient of variation varied in the ranges of 0.43 and 0.63, 0.43 and 0.69, 0.48 and 0.58, 0.56 and 0.73 for unused emitters, for one year, for two years and for three years used emitters. Coefficient of variation between emitter flows remained within the limit of 5% in all laterals, except for one of the laterals used for one year. Coefficient of variation of emitters along two of the laterals used two years and all of those used three years remained out of 5% limitation. Similar results to CVm (manufacturing variation coefficient) were determined for performance parameters in respect of statistical uniformity (Us), emission uniformity (Eu) and Christiansen's uniformity coefficient (Cu).
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    Performance of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems at Different Pressures and Under Varying Wind Speed Conditions in Landscape Areas
    (Univ Philippines Los Banos, 2009) Demirel, Kursad; Sener, Sabri
    Wind speed is an important parameter that affects water application efficiency in sprinkler irrigation systems. In this study, the water distribution patterns of different sprinkler heads (pop-up spray, pop-up rotor and classic rotor) used in landscape areas were determined at different pressures (minimum,, optimum and maximum) and under varying wind speed conditions (0-3, 3-6 and 6-9 m s(-1)). The experiment was conducted in the Agricultural Experimental Station of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey. The single sprinkler head test method was used to determine the water distribution pattern. The non-corrected and corrected Christiansen's coefficient of uniformity (CU) and distribution uniformity (DU) values for each sprinkler head were determined. Non-corrected CU and DU values varied from 40-92% and from 34-87%, respectively. Corrected CU and DU values varied from 57-96% and from 43-92%, respectively. Based on the research results, higher wind speeds had a negative effect on the water distribution pattern of sprinkler heads. Performance values (CU) and (DU) of the sprinklers should be higher at suitable pressure conditions. The wind effect was most visible on the water distribution pattern of rotor sprinkler heads.
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    Performance of sprinkler irrigation systems at different pressures and under varying wind speed conditions in landscape areas
    (2009) Demirel, Kursad; Sener, Sabri
    Wind speed is an important parameter that affects water application efficiency in sprinkler irrigation systems. In this study, the water distribution patterns of different sprinkler heads (popup spray, pop-up rotor and classic rotor) used in landscape areas were determined at different pressures (minimum, optimum and maximum) and under varying wind speed conditions (0-3, 3-6 and 6-9 m s -1). The experiment was conducted in the Agricultural Experimental Station of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey. The single sprinkler head test method was used to determine the water distribution pattern. The non-corrected and corrected Christiansen's coefficient of uniformity (CU) and distribution uniformity (DU) values for each sprinkler head were determined. Non-corrected CU and DU values varied from 40-92% and from 34-87%, respectively. Corrected CU and DU values varied from 57-96% and from 43-92%, respectively. Based on the research results, higher wind speeds had a negative effect on the water distribution pattern of sprinkler heads. Performance values (CU) and (DU) of the sprinklers should be higher at suitable pressure conditions. The wind effect was most visible on the water distribution pattern of rotor sprinkler heads.
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    USING HYDRUS-2D SIMULATIONS TO PREDICT SOIL WATER CONTENTS ON SOIL WATER RETENTION BARRIERS IN TURFGRASS
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2015) Demirel, Kursad; Kavdir, Yasemin; Anlauf, Rudiger
    The objective of this study was to simulate soil water contents at different irrigation levels and soil water retention barriers (SWRB) depths in sandy soil. Soil water simulation models were created by means of the HYDRUS-2D program using soil and weather parameters. This study was conducted under field conditions in 2010 and 2011. Soil water content was measured by frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors. Treatments included three irrigation levels, 33%, 66%, 100% of available water-holding capacity (AWC), and two different SWRB depths (30 cm and 40 cm). Perennial ryegrass was sown in each treatment. Correlation coefficients between actual and simulated soil water content via HYDRUS-2D models were between 0.74-0.94. These results indicate that the HYDRUS-2D model can be used to determine soil water content for sandy soil.
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    Using HYDRUS-2D simulations to predict soil water contents on soil water retention barriers in turfgrass
    (Parlar Scientific Publications, 2015) Demirel, Kursad; Kavdir, Yasemin; Anlauf, Rudiger
    The objective of this study was to simulate soil water contents at different irrigation levels and soil water retention barriers (SWRB) depths in sandy soil. Soil water simulation models were created by means of the HYDRUS-2D program using soil and weather parameters. This study was conducted under field conditions in 2010 and 2011. Soil water content was measured by frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors. Treatments included three irrigation levels, 33%, 66%, 100% of available water-holding capacity (AWC), and two different SWRB depths (30 cm and 40 cm). Perennial ryegrass was sown in each treatment. Correlation coefficients between actual and simulated soil water content via HYDRUS-2D models were between 0.74-0.94. These results indicate that the HYDRUS-2D model can be used to determine soil water content for sandy soil. © by PSP.