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Öğe Celery harvesting causes losses of soil: A case study in Turkey(Elsevier, 2018) Parlak, Mehmet; Cicek, Giyasettin; Blanco-Canqui, HumbertoSoil loss due to crop harvesting (SLCH) could contribute to the total soil loss, but the extent of such losses could vary among root crops. While many have studied SLCH with different crops, studies on SLCH for celery are unavailable. Thus, we quantified SLCH of celery (Apium graveolens L.) in northwest Turkey, a region with 19% of celery production in Turkey. We also studied the factors influencing SLCH and the cost of nutrients lost with soil due to celery harvesting. Soil loss due to manual celery harvest ranged from 1.41 to 8.52 Mg ha(-1) harvest(-1) with an average value of 4.00 Mg ha(-1) harvest(-1). Clay, lime, organic matter, and soil moisture content explained about 35% of the variation of SLCH. The estimated annual cost of nutrient lost with soil was US$ 6.18 per hectare. The significant soil loss due to celery harvesting should be taken into account when estimating total soil erosion.Öğe Comparing of 540 and 540E PTO Operational Characteristics of Tractors in Field Conditions(Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2010) Sumer, Sarp Korkut; Kocabiyik, Habib; Say, Sait Muharrem; Cicek, GiyasettinThe objective of this study is to determine the operating characteristics of economical PTO operation (540E) in field conditions and to make a comparison with 540 PTO operation. For this purpose three different brands of tractors (JD 5625, NH TD85, MF 3085) having similar technical properties and three PTO driven agricultural machine (single disc fertilizer spreader, turbo atomizer and rotovator. In the experiments tractor ground speed, slip values, PTO torque, PTO power, fuel consumption per time, effective field capacity and fuel consumption per field parameters were determined for two PTO operations. According to the fuel consumption data obtained, the fuel saving ratios obtained with 540E operation varied between 14.69%-34.41% To for the tractor-machine interactions used. It was determined that the motor-PTO speed ratios of the tractors were effective on fuel saving ratios. In the field experiments made at a single gear level for each tractor, the tractor ground speed values decreased by ratios varying between 12.83%-22.60% for 540E PTO operations in comparison to 540 PTO operations. This result that is caused by running both PTO operations at different motor speeds also caused a decrease in the machine's effective field capacity values calculated for 540E operation. Taking into account all the measurement parameters, it was concluded that economical PTO operation would bring certain advantages in terms of fuel consumption for many PTO driven machines and that these advantages decreased depending on the increase in the machine power requirement. According to this result, if economical PTO operation is used together with the proper gear level and ground speed selections for the tractors, it can be suggested as an important alternative to the 540 operation for machines used in this study and also for those having similar capacities and properties.Öğe Determination of harvesting costs and cost analysis for different olive harvesting methods(Wfl Publ, 2011) Cicek, GiyasettinIn this study, cost analysis was made based on the expenditure computations of four different olive harvesting methods (wood stick olive harvesting, wood rake harvesting, mechanical bough shaker + wood stick harvesting and electronic harvesting rake + wood stick olive harvesting) and comparison was made between the methods. Equivalent cost analysis was used to determine the best method for olive harvest. In the experiments, fuel consumption of gasoline-powered mechanical bough shaker was calculated by full tank method, and the energy consumption of electronic harvesting rake was found by reading electricity meter. The amount of olive collected by workers per unit time was determined by chronometer for each method, and the operating values were measured. As a result, the lowest cost per unit land was obtained for wood stick olive harvesting, wood rake olive harvesting, mechanical bough shaker + wood stick harvesting and electronic harvesting rake + wood stick olive harvesting methods, respectively. Timeliness problem occurred M wood rake and electronic harvesting rake methods, and olive harvest could not be finished in time. In the evaluation of timeliness cost of the methods, the lowest cost was obtained with mechanical bough shaker, wood stick, electronic harvesting rake and wood rake methods, respectively. Mechanical bough shaker + wood stick olive harvesting method was determined as the best method in terms of both cost and timeliness effectiveness. In addition, electronic harvesting rake should not be preferred for olive harvest due to its high cost and time consumption.Öğe Determining The Potential of Biochar Production from Agricultural and Livestock Wastes in Turkey(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2016) Sumer, Sarp Korkut; Kavdir, Yasemin; Cicek, GiyasettinIn this study, the potential of converting agricultural and animal wastes to biochar were theoretically determined and biochar production possibilities were evaluated in Turkey. TUIK statistical data and coefficients determined by various institutions and investigators were taken into account to determine biochar potential of production activities with potentially available wastes. Biochar conversion potential of agricultural and animal production wastes in 2015 was estimated about 3 942 654 tones in Turkey. The total biochar potential constituted of 77%, 22.5% and 0.6% for animal wastes, garden and vineyard pruning wastes, and agricultural land disposal wastes, respectively. In this study, biochar use purposes, conversion methods, application rates and benefits are presented based on the literatures. The possibilities of waste conversion potential to biochar were evaluated in our country and recommendations were made for the future based on the current situation.
