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    Bio-economic efficiency of copper alloy mesh technology in offshore cage systems for sustainable aquaculture
    (Natl Inst Science Communication-Niscair, 2017) Yigit, Umut; Ergun, Sebahattin; Bulut, Musa; Celikkol, Barbaros; Yigit, Murat
    In the present study, innovative and environment friendly copper alloy mesh material was used in an offshore cage system to compare with traditional nylon nets, in a one-year grow-out cycle of European seabass (Dicentrarchuslabrax). Based on combined indicators such as growth performance, feed utilization with bio-economic assessment of initial investment costs, it was observed that copper alloy mesh performed higher productivity indices and economic benefits compared to those in the antifouling coated traditional nylon net pens. Results showed that copper alloy mesh is a promising alternative material that could be used in offshore cage aquaculture with an improved economic return.
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    Bioaccumulation of trace metals in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from a fish farm with copper-alloy mesh pens and potential risk assessment
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2018) Yigit, Murat; Celikkol, Barbaros; Yilmaz, Sevdan; Bulut, Musa; Ozalp, Baris; Dwyer, Robert L.; Maita, Masashi
    Concentrations of trace metals were determined in the muscle tissue, digestive gland and gills of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected from different locations around an offshore copper alloy fish farm. Levels of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) as mg/kg wet weight in the edible part of the mussels collected from distant zone (upstream Zn7.33 > Fe2.8 > Cu0.13 > Mn0.07 and downstream Zn9.9 > Fe5.67 > Cu0.18 > Mn0.17) were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those sampled from the cage zone (bottom panel Zn22.25 > Fe13.75 > Cu2.39 > Mn0.85 and cage frame Zn17.1 > Fe8.74 > Cu1.39 > Mn0.26). Trace metal concentrations in mussels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the samples from the frame and bottom panel of the copper alloy mesh pen, compared to those from distant areas, namely the farm affected downstream - and non-affected upstream locations. However, the rates of target hazard quotients (THQ) for all tested trace metals from all locations in the present study were smaller than one (THQ < 1), indicating that the consumption of mussels grown around a cage farm with copper alloy mesh pens were within safe limits and did not exceed maximum levels suggested by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and European Union (EU) regulations for seafood consumption.
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    Comparision of copper alloy mesh with conventional nylon nets in offshore cage farming of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)
    (Central Fisheries Research Institute, 2018) Yigit, Murat; Celikkol, Barbaros; Ozalp, Baris; Bulut, Musa; Dwyer, Robert L.; Yilmaz, Sevdan; Maita, Masashi
    In the present study, a new net technology of copper alloy mesh (CAM) was tested and compared with traditional nylon nets either with (TNN+AF)-or without antifouling coats (TNN–AF) in a long-term growth experiment on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish performed better growth and feed utilization in the CAM pen over the TNN+AF and TNN–AF, with a survival rate over 85% in all cage environments after the 7 months growth period. Relative wet weight gain of seabream in the CAM and TNN+AF pens were 25% and 15% higher compared to the TNN–AF cage, respectively. Surface of the TNN–AF mesh remained clean for two months after sea water deployment, while the mesh size in the TNN+AF pen remained effective for four months, and shrinking in mesh size thereafter. Dissolved oxygen was highest inside the CAM followed by the TNN+AF and TNN–AF cages, respectively. The results of the present study demonstrate that CAM might be beneficial for cage farming in offshore conditions, however further studies are encouraged to evaluate leaching of metals into the marine environment as well as toxic influences on fish tissues and health risks to human consumers. © 2018, Central Fisheries Research Institute. All rights reserved.
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    Environmental Characteristics in a Fish Farm with Copper Alloy Cage System in the Dardanelles
    (Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2020) Uzundumlu, Sinan; Buyukates, Yesim; Yigit, Murat; Bulut, Musa; Gurses, Ridvan Kaan; Celikkol, Barbaros
    This study was conducted in a copper alloy cage fish farm to observe the environmental properties of the marine system. Water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, chlorophyll-a and inorganic nutrients such as NO2+NO3, NH4, PO4 and SiO2 were observed between May 2014 and September 2014 in the study area. The observed results were compared with acceptable limits pronounced in international organizations such as EPA and FAO, and national organizations such as WPCR and RTMAF as well as the previous studies conducted in the region. According to the results, a decrease in dissolved oxygen and pH was observed at the farm while increases in inorganic nutrients except for ammonia were recorded. TSS values showed significant positive correlation with TP, indicating that TSS was supported by fecal pellets or unused fish feed in the cage system. MDS analysis results showed that TSS, chlorophyll-a and TP were similar throughout the sampling period. The study showed that copper alloy cage system did not have any negative impact on the marine system, compared with the limits provided by FAO, EPA, WPCR and RTMAF as well as with previously conducted studies in the region.
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    Human exposure to trace elements via farmed and cage aggregated wild Axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne) in a copper alloy cage site in the Northern Aegean Sea
    (Elsevier Gmbh, 2018) Yigit, Murat; Dwyer, Robert; Celikkol, Barbaros; Yilmaz, Sevdan; Bulut, Musa; Buyukates, Yesim; Kesbic, Osman S.
    Axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne) farmed in a copper alloy mesh pen and wild individuals of P. acarne aggregated near the copper-alloy cages presented higher concentrations of trace metals in the liver, skin and gills than in fish muscle tissues in two batches of small and large fish sizes. Elevated mean levels of metals (mg kg(-1)) in muscle tissues in both small and large fish size groups were observed in the rank order of Zn(3.43) > Fe (3.01) > Cu(0.59) > Mn(0.13) and Fe(3.82) > Zn(3.32) > Cu(0.62) > Mn(0.17) for copper cage-farmed fish, relative to ranked mean levels for Zn(2.64) > Fe(1.95) > Cu(0.25) > Mn(0.09) and Fe(5.79) > Zn(3.58) > Cu (0.58) > Mn(0.28) for the copper cage-aggregated wild fish. Nevertheless, trace metal concentrations in fish harvested from the copper cage or those of the cage-aggregated wild individuals in both size groups were far below maximum levels of seafood safety recommended by USEPA and FAO/WHO. Target hazard quotients, calculated to estimate the non-carcinogenic health risks of metals by consuming these fish, were below 1 (THQ < 1), indicating that there were no potential health risks for humans when consuming copper-caged fish or wild-caught individuals aggregated around the copper mesh pen, with respect to the limits suggested by US Food and Drug Administration and EU Regulations for Seafood Consumption.