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    A study on the effects of different hydraulic loading rates (HLR) on pollutant removal efficiency of subsurface horizontal-flow constructed wetlands used for treatment of domestic wastewaters
    (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2015) Cakir, Recep; Gidirislioglu, Ali; Cebi, Ulviye
    The research into the treatment of domestic wastewaters originating from Buyukdolluk village in Edirne Province was carried out over a 3 year experimental period. The wastewaters of the settlement were treated using a constructed wetland with subsurface horizontal flow, and the effects of different hydraulic loading levels on removal efficiency were studied. In order to achieve this goal, three equal chambers (ponds) of 300 m(2) each were constructed and planted with Phragmites australis. Each of the chambers was loaded with domestic wastewater with average flow discharge creating hydraulic loading rates of 0. m(3) day(-1) m(-2); 0.075 m(3) day(-1) m(-2) and 0.125 m(3) day(-1) m(-2), respectively. According to the results of the study, the inlet levels of the pollutant parameters with carbon origin in the water samples taken from the system entrance are high and the average values for three years are respectively: Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD5 -324.5 mg L-1; Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD -484,0 mg L-1; suspended solids (TSS) -147.3 mg L-1 and Oil and Grease -0.123 mg L-1. It was also determined that the removal rates of the system were closely dependent on the applied hydraulic loading levels and the highest removal rates of 64.9%, 62.5%, 86.3% and 80.34% for BOD5, COD, TSS and Oil and Grease, respectively, were determined in the pond with a hydraulic loading rate of 0.050 m(3) day(-1) m(-2). Lower removal of 57.9%, 55.5%, 81.4% and 74.5% for BOD5, COD, TSS and Oil and Grease were recorded in the pond with a hydraulic loading rate of 0.075 m(3) day(-1) m(-2); and these values were 49.1%, 47.8%, 70.9% and 62.1% for the pond with a hydraulic loading rate of 0.125 m(3) day(-1) m(-2). High removal rates were also recorded for the other investigated pollution parameters. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    The effect of irrigation scheduling and water stress on the maturity and chemical composition of Virginia tobacco leaf
    (Elsevier, 2010) Cakir, Recep; Cebi, Ulviye
    The study was carried out in order to determine the effect of different irrigation scheduling programs and water stress, imposed at different growth stages, on the maturity and leaf chemistry of Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L). Field experiments and lab investigations were carried out during 2000-2003, on a silty loam Entisol soil, poor in organic matter and rich in potassium, on the fields of Ataturk Soil and Water Resources Research Institute in Kirklareli, Turkey. A randomized complete block experimental design with three replications was applied, and K-326 Virginia tobacco cultivar was used in the experiment. Three known stages of the plant - vegetative (V), yield formation (F), and ripening (R) - were considered, and a total of 14 irrigation treatments (including rain-fed) were applied. All the experimental treatments were irrigated on the same day of VFR and were irrigated at each growth stage with the amount of water required to fill the 0-90 cm soil depth to field capacity; and three levels of water reductions (0%, 40% and 60%) were done at each development stage. Results of the investigations show that irrigation scheduling and the water stress imposed during different stages of growth influenced the ripening dynamics of Virginia tobacco leaves and that severe water stress causes delay in the ripening of the leaves. Favorable moisture conditions considerably decrease the nicotine and nitrogen content of the Virginia tobacco leaves, both of which are hazardous for humans, to the ranges of 0.85-1.21% versus 2.1-2.2% under stress (for nicotine), and 1.4-1.6% versus 1.8-2.0%, and 2.0-2.4% versus 2.9-3.1% (for nitrogen) for 2001 and 2003, respectively. However the percentage of chloride and sodium in the leaf increases if the amount of seasonal water is increased. It was determined also that close linear relationships exist between seasonal irrigation water amounts or seasonal evapotranspiration and any of the chemical traits. Mutual relationships between nicotine and each of the traits - i.e. nitrogen, chloride, potassium, and sodium - were also established. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    YIELD, WATER USE AND YIELD RESPONSE FACTOR OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WATER SUPPLY AT VARIOUS GROWTH STAGES
    (Wiley, 2010) Cakir, Recep; Cebi, Ulviye
    The study aiming to determine the effect of different irrigation regimes and water stress imposed at different growth stages on water use and leaf yield of flue-cured tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum L.), was carried out during the period of 2000-03. The field trials were conducted on a silty loam Entisol soil, poor in organic matter and rich in potassium on the fields of the Ataturk Soil and Water Resources Research Institute in Kirklareli. A randomised complete block design with three replications was applied and K-326 Virginia tobacco cultivar was used in the experiment Three known stages of the plant, vegetative (V), yield formation (F) and ripening (R), were considered and a total of 14 (including rain-fed) irrigation treatments were applied. All the experimental treatments were irrigated on the same day in each growth stage with the amount of water required to fill the 0-90 cm soil depth to field capacity, and three levels of water amount reductions (0.40 and 60%) were applied at each development stage. A single irrigation was applied during the second part of the vegetative stage, while subsequent water applications were at the 50 and 70% depletion level during the yield formation and ripening stages, respectively Results of the 3-year study show that either total irrigation water amounts and number of applications, or leaf yields are closely related to precipitation rate and distribution during the growing year. While the seasonal irrigation amounts applied in the adequate irrigation treatment (VFR) were greater (945 and 815 mm respectively in the drier experimental years of 2000 and 2001). they were much lower (587 mm) during the rainy year of 2003 The highest leaf yields in the range of 5170-6050 kg ha(-1) were obtained from the fully irrigated programme (VFR), from treatments with 40% reduction in irrigation water amount at any stage (V1FR; VF1R, VFR1) and irrigation programme (FR) including omitted irrigation at vegetative stage and fully irrigated during the next two stages. It was also determined that close linear relationships exist between seasonal evapotranspiration rate and leaf yield. and seasonal evapotranspiration deficit and relative yield reduction, during each of the experimental years Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.