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    Development of an electro-mechanic control system for seed-metering unit of single seed corn planters Part I: Design and laboratory simulation
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Cay, Anil; Kocabiyik, Habib; May, Sahin
    The performance of precision planters is very important for attaining uniform seed spacing. While a planter is on work, undesired situations such as spinning and slipping on ground wheel, vibration, seizing and jamming on the chain-sprocket systems may occur during the transfer of the motion from the ground wheel to the seed-metering unit especially at high operating speeds. In order to overcome these problems, it was aimed to develop an electro-mechanic drive system (EMDS) for seed metering units of a classic single seed planter. The performances of the EMDS and the classic drive system (CDS) were tested at three different operating speeds (v(f)) (5, 7.5, 10 km/h) and ten different seed spacing (z(t)) from 6 to 29.3 cm at laboratory. Both systems were compared regarding to the seed spacing uniformity. When the EMDS was used, the quality of feed index (I-qf), multiple index (I-mult), miss index (Hiss) and precision index (I-p,) were ranged as such: 2.91-95.36%, 0-1.73%, 4.45-97.09% and 8.79-22.14%, respectively. At the test of the CDS, the performance indices varied as such: Iqf 2.09-98.55%, I-mult 0-0.36% and I-miss 1.09-97.91%, I-p, 5.79-20.92%. Seed spacing uniformities were found as good and moderate for both systems. Average seed spacing values obtained from the EMDS were found to be closer to the theoretical seed spacing values compared with that obtained from the CDS. EMDS enabled the suggested optimum seeding rate, a quick and simple setting possibility, synchronize and real-time control, the ability to work under higher speeds, individual movement and control for each metering unit. However, EMDS should be tested to determine the success of the system in practice. Therefore, the field performance of EMDS with respect to plant spacing uniformity and operational parameters (variation among rows, fuel consumption and negative slippage) were examined in the following part of this study (Part II: Field Performance).
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    Development of an electro-mechanic control system for seed-metering unit of single seed corn planters Part II: Field performance
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Cay, Anil; Kocabiyik, Habib; May, Sahin
    Using single seed planters is important for a uniform distribution of plant growing area. Seed metering units of planters receive their motion from the drive wheel pass through various transmission members such as the chains, gears, shafts and belts. While the planter is being operated, the transmission system of the machine and drive system of the seed metering units naturally push the driving wheel. Because of this effect, the wheel experiences a loss of mobility or some sort of slipping. Consequently, all seed metering units are being affected due to the common mobility transmission system and changes in the desired plant spacing occur. In order to overcome these negativities, an electro-mechanic drive system (EMDS) alternative to classic driving system (CDS) was developed. Detailed information regarding the system design and laboratory simulation results of EMDS were provided in Part I of this study. In this part, it was aimed to investigate the effect of EMDS on the planting quality (plant spacing uniformity, variation among rows) and operational parameters (fuel consumption and negative slippage) in the field and compared with the CDS. While the quality of feed index (I-qf) 90.63%, multiple index (I-mult) 0.94%, missing index (I-miss) 8.44% and precision index (I-p) 17.63% were obtained in trials performed by the EMDS, I-qf 88.13%, I-mult 2.50%, I-miss 9.38% and I-p 17.81% were found in trials performed by the CDS. Plant spacing uniformity in the EMDS was found as good while it was moderate in the CDS, according to related criteria. Plant distribution uniformity in the EMDS were better than the CDS. Furthermore, the experimental plant spacing values obtained by the EMDS were closer to the theoretical (set) value than the values obtained by the CDS. The negative slipping in the planter's drive wheel was found as 1.33% at trials with the EMDS while it was 6.79% with the CDS. When the EMDS used in the field operations, it provided approximately 22% fuel saving compared with the CDS. The results promise that the developed system can be used as an alternative to the CDS for single seed planters. However, in order to provide a complete mechanical rapport between the EMDS and the planter, future studies, various structural improvements in the seed metering unit designs and optimization of the seed plate thickness, number of holes and connection methods may be required.
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    Development of an opto-electronic measurement system for planter laboratory tests
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2017) Cay, Anil; Kocabiyik, Habib; Karaaslan, Bilal; May, Sahin; Khurelbaatar, Myagmarsuren
    Seed spacing uniformity is one of the important criteria in determining the planting performance of precision planters. The development of various measurement methods with different advantages has been ongoing for years to determine seed spacing. The objective of this study was to develop an opto-electronic measurement system for use in the measurement of seed spacing during the laboratory tests of precision planters and to examine the success of the system. The success of the developed system was tested by comparing the measurements on the sticky belt using 10 different seeds with different physical properties. The R-2, MAPE, e(i), beta(0) nu e beta(1) values for all seeds were determined respectively as 0.998, 3.60%, 0.484 cm, 0.022 and 1.012 as a result of the trials carried out. The system yielded very fast and correct results and there was no need for complex calibration and adjustment procedures. The opto-electronic measurement system can be used to measure seed spacing in laboratory tests for precision planters. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Effect of different tillage systems on the quality and crop productivity of a clay-loam soil in semi-arid north-western Turkey
    (Elsevier, 2006) Ozpinar, Sakine; Cay, Anil
    A 2-year study was conducted to investigate the effect of three tillage systems on the properties of clay-loam soil (EutricVertisol) planted with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Canakkale province of north-western Turkey. Crop productivity was also evaluated. The three tillage treatments were: (1) conventional tillage involving mouldboard ploughing followed by two discings (MT); (2) shallow tillage consisting of rototilling followed by one discing (RT); (3) double discing (DD). In the first year of the study, bulk density (BD) was found significantly lower under RT at both 0-10 and 10-20 cm depths with 1.24 and 1.32 Mg cm(-3), respectively, when compared to MT treatment. However, MT at 20-30 cm provided the highest BD, at 1.49 Mg cm-3. In the second year of the study, DD had the lowest BD at all depths followed by RT and MT. Based on the 2-year mean, aggregate size distribution (ASD) and mean weight diameter (MWD) were significantly influenced by tillage treatments. The greatest MWD was obtained with DD, followed by MT and RT. Increasing MWD and coarse aggregates decreased seedling emergence. Organic carbon increased after RT, DD, and MT by 58%, 30%, and 18%, respectively, when compared to the amount at the beginning of the study. Similarly, the total N in the soil and straw was higher after RT than the other treatments. At 1.76 MPa, penetration resistance at 18-30 cm was significantly higher during the growing period using DD, followed by RT with 1.35 MPa and MT with 1.33 MPa. There was no significant difference between treatments at 0-18 cm. Increasing OC and total N and decreasing BD and PR under RT increased grain yield to 4611 kg ha(-1), followed by MT and DD at 4375 and 4163 kg ha(-1), respectively, according to the 2-year mean. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Impact of different tillage management on soil and grain quality in the Anatolian paddy rice production
    (Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2018) Cay, Anil
    The objective of this study was to examine the impact of conventional tillage (CT) and two different reduced tillage methods (RT1 and RT2) on some soil properties, grain yield and post-harvest grain quality during paddy rice production in the semi-arid Mediterranean conditions for two years. According to the results, soil bulk density was higher in CT with 1.46 and 1.47 g/cm(3), respectively for both years. N-tot in RT1 was determined to be higher at a significant level with an average of 0.135%. The lowest soil organic carbon was found in the CT yearly as 2.91% and 2.50%. Penetration resistance did not exceed the limit value of 2-3 MPa in any method that may have impact on plant root growth. RT1 yielded higher results with regard to rice grain yield and provided the highest milling yield for both cultivars and years. There was no statistical difference among dry matter, thousand kernel mass and protein content values of rice grains in terms of cultivars, years and tillage factors. It can be observed in the light of short-term results that the RT1 is a good alternative for CT due to its positive impact on soil characteristics, grain yield and quality.
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    Soil management effect on soil properties in traditional and mechanized vineyards under a semiarid Mediterranean environment
    (Elsevier, 2018) Ozpinar, Sakine; Ozpinar, Ali; Cay, Anil
    The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term tillage on soil bulk density (BD), penetration resistance (PR), soil temperature (ST), electrical conductivity (EC), pH and oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) in both the topsoil and subsoil of vineyards in an area with the same soil type in Bozcaada. Mechanized tillage practices consisting of using tractor-driven rotary tiller (TDR) and field cultivator (TDC) were tested against hand driven rotary tiller (HDR) in two vineyards (wired-wide row spacing) for two growing periods. These practices involved mechanical weeding by frequent tilling and cultivating in late winter and early spring, and rotary-tilling in early summer in rainfed vineyard soils. The BD was sampled six times in two years of growing period for each tillage at 20 cm intervals between 0-60 cm in two row positions (between and in-row) while PR, ST and ODR were at the same depths of BD in the second growing period. BD in both TDR and HDR showed similarity in terms of soil depths and row positions in two growing periods, but it is lower in TDC. The highest values of the PR (1.65-2.61 MPa) were found below the depth of tilling (20 cm) regardless of tillage systems. PR was higher under HDR at subsoil in between-row than in in-row compared to TDR and TDC. However, TDC had the lowest PR in both between and in-row, especially at the subsoil, compared to HDR and TDR. The differences in BD and PR with respect to row position and soil depth were more pronounced in both TDR and HDR than in TDC. ODR was higher at topsoil than subsoil in both row positions for three tillage systems, but the highest ODR was in TDC throughout the soil profile.
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    The Role of Agricultural Mechanization in Farming System in a Continental Climate
    (Univ Namik Kemal, 2018) Ozpinar, Sakine; Cay, Anil
    As is known, the use of mechanization for agriculture production have crucial importance for crop quality and yield in unit area. The mechanization of agricultural production is constantly renewing itself, depending on the time with the development of technology. For this reason, it is necessary to make determinations periodically for the current situation of the mechanization development in an agricultural area. Therefore, a study was conducted for a local area named Elbistan district, to put out agricultural potential and mechanization facilities used. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied to this area including 5-village of 70 farms which were decided according to farmers recording system. Results indicated that 81% of the farms had only one-tractor while the rest of them had two-tractor which represent medium-sized tractors with average 60 kW of power. Massey Ferguson was most used tractor followed by Turriosan which were under economic life limit. It was also concluded that tractors mainly used for soil tillage practices with 45% followed by sowing (16%), transporters (14%), hoeing (9%), irrigation (8%), fertilizing (4%), spraying (2%), and other operations (2%). The machinery per tractor was found 7 which were completely performed in conventional farming system, especially in sugar beet, maize and wheat growing under dry farming. On the other hand, farm size was found very small mainly 5 decare by the rate of 44% which has similar to the type of parcels in our country while followed by 5-10 hectare with 25%. Additionally, sugar beet was major popular crop and grown by 53% farmers because of available processing unit in the region. Maize was second crop grown by 27% while wheat was third one in this study area.