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    Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Aegean Sea Water and Sediment in Gulluk Bay, Turkey Quantifying the resistance of identified bacteria species with potential for environmental remediation applications
    (Johnson Matthey Publ Ltd Co, 2020) Altug, Gulsen; Cardak, Mine; Turetken, Pelin Saliha Ciftci; Kalkan, Samet; Gurun, Sevan
    Heavy metal and antibiotic-resistant bacteria have potential for environmental bioremediation applications. Resistant bacteria were investigated in sediment and seawater samples taken from the Aegean Sea, Turkey, between 2011 and 2013. Bioindicator bacteria in seawater samples were tested using the membrane filtration technique. The spread plate technique and VITEK (R) 2 Compact 30 micro identification system were used for heterotrophic aerobic bacteria in the samples. The minimum inhibition concentration method was used for heavy metal-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were tested using the disk diffusion method. All bacteria isolated from sediment samples showed 100% resistance to rifampicin, sulfonamide, tetracycline and ampicillin. 98% of isolates were resistant against nitrofurantoin and oxytetracycline. Higher antibiotic and heavy metal resistance was recorded in bacteria isolated from sediment than seawater samples. The highest levels of bacterial metal resistance were recorded against copper (58.3%), zinc (33.8%), lead (32.1%), chromium (31%) and iron (25.2%). The results show that antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in bacteria from sediment and seawater can be observed as responses to environmental influences including pollution in marine areas.
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    Bacteriological quality, heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in Sapanca Lake, Turkey
    (Springer, 2019) Turetken, Pelin S. Ciftci; Altug, Gulsen; Cardak, Mine; Gunes, Kemal
    Sapanca Lake is important as a source of drinking water. In this study, we aimed to detect the bacterial quality, the frequency of bacterial antibiotic and heavy metal resistance, and bioindicator bacteria in the water samples taken from Sapanca Lake in the period between 2008 and 2010. The resistance of bacterial isolates to certain antibiotics and heavy metal salts was investigated using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration techniques. Bacterial metabolic reactions were tested using the VITEK 2 Compact 30 micro identification system for identification of cultivable bacteria. Twenty-seven bacteria species belonging to three classesGammaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Flavobacteriawere recorded for the first time in Sapanca Lake. The highest indicator bacteria were recorded as 71 +/- 3.1x10(4) CFU/100ml in the summer season. The highest bacterial resistance was recorded as 90.47% against vancomycin in a total of 84 strains. Ampicillin (88.10%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (64.29%) followed them. The resistance varied between 10.71 and 59.52% against cefuroxime, kanamycin, aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and oxacillin. The highest frequency against heavy metal salts was recorded as 74.19% against NiCl2. The heavy metal resistance against Cu, Zn, Hg, and Cd detected as 52.38%, 46.42%, 33.33%, and 26.19%, respectively. The results showed that the occurrence of heavy metals and antibiotic sources in Sapanca Lake induced a tolerance in bacteria for the metal salts and antibiotic derivatives tested. The fluctuations in the indicator bacteria and the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria also showed the possibility that the coastal areas of Sapanca Lake had been exposed to contamination due to inadequate sewage treatment.
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    BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA
    (Turkish Marine Research Foundation-Tudav, 2016) Cardak, Mine
    [Anstract Not Available]
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    BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE SEA OF MARMARA
    (Turkish Marine Research Foundation-Tudav, 2016) Ciftci Turetken, Pelin S.; Cardak, Mine; Zeki, Sibel
    [Anstract Not Available]
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    BACTERIOLOGY OF THE AEGEAN SEA
    (Turkish Marine Research Foundation-Tudav, 2015) Cardak, Mine; Kacar, Asli
    [Anstract Not Available]
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    BACTERIOLOGY OF THE BLACK SEA
    (Turkish Marine Research Foundation-Tudav, 2017) Cardak, Mine; Ciftci Turetken, Pelin S.
    [Anstract Not Available]
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    Depuration Times of Donax trunculus and Tapes decussatus
    (Springer, 2014) Colakolu, Fatma Arik; Cardak, Mine; Colakoglu, Serhat; Kunili, Ibrahim Ender
    The present study was performed to determine the depuration time and ability of Donax trunculus (Wedge Clam) and Tapes decussatus (Carpet Shell) contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Clams were contaminated with each bacterium at the level of 7.0-8.0 Log(10) cfu/g. After contamination, clams were analyzed every 3 h in the first 24 h time period and every 6 h until the 72nd hour. During the depuration process of both clams, the level of bacteria decreased quickly to 40% of initial load in the first 12 h. The results of this study indicate that the depuration time of carpet shells for all bacteria is 66 h. The depuration process of the wedge clam was different from the carpet shell; S. typhimurium and E. coli can be depurated in 66 and 78 h, respectively, while V. parahaemolyticus was present after 72 h at the level of 1.7 Log(10) cfu/g.
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    Distribution of antibiotic resistance and the presence of vancomycin-resistance genes (vanA and vanB) in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the Sea of Marmara, the Canakkale Strait and the Istanbul Strait, Turkey
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2016) Cardak, Mine; Altug, Gulsen; Ay, Mustafa; Erol, Ozlem
    We investigated the frequency of antibiotic resistance of Enterobacteriaceae and the presence of vancomyc-in-resistance genes in samples taken from the Sea of Marmara, and the Istanbul and Canakkale Straits, Turkey. Different colony -forming bacteria were isolated and identified with the VITEK 2 Compact 30 system. The antibiotic resistance of the isolates was determined by the disc diffusion method. The isolates were tested against amoxicilin, ampicillin, aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, ofloxacin, vancomycin, tetracycline, kanamycin and gentamycin. The presence of vancomyctn-resistance genes (vanA and vanB) was also investigated. The level of Enterobucteriaceue species was higher in the Sea of Marmara than in the Istanbul Strait and the Canakkale Strait. Isolates showing resistance to the greatest number of antibiotics were identified from E. colt isolates. The resistance of the selected bacterial isolates were as follows: kanamycin (82%), vancomycin (78%) and ampicillin (60%). Some intermediately vancomycin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates had the vanA gene. This study provides evidence of widespread bacterial resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics in marine environments. It also contributes to the knowledge on the distribution of antibiotic resistance among Enterobacteriaceae and indicates the importance of control measures in domestic water treatment.
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    First records and microgeographical variations of culturable heterotrophic bacteria in an inner sea (the Sea of Marmara) between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, Turkey
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2013) Altug, Gulsen; Cardak, Mine; Ciftci, Pelin Saliha; Gurun, Sevan
    The microdiversity and composition of culturable heterotrophic aerobic bacteria were investigated in seawater samples taken from the Sea of Marmara (an important basin between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea) in different time periods throughout 2002 2010. The bacterial isolates were identified with the automated microidentification system VITEK 2 Compact 30 (bioMerieux, France). The compositions of identified bacteria according to their exposure to environmental factors in the areas from which they were isolated were compared. The primary hydrographic parameters (temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen) were recorded at the sampling station. The highest heterotrophic aerobic bacteria abundance was found in the coastal stations. It was possible to isolate enteric bacteria species from the lower and upper stratification of various marine localities, which possessed salinity values between 24.0 psu and 39.2 psu during the study. Six bacterial classes were determined: Gammaproteobacteria (49%), Bacilli (34%), Alphaproteobacteria (9.09%), Betaproteobacteria (3.03%), Flavobacteria (3.03%), and Actinobacteria (3.03%). This study increases the knowledge of the composition and biochemical response of bacteria isolated from eutrophic and oligotrophic areas. Twenty-three bacteria species belonging to 16 families are reported in this study as the first records for the Sea of Marmara.
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    Oil Hydrocarbon Degradation Capability of Bacterial Strains Isolated from the Sapanca Lake, Turkey
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ, 2018) Ciftci Turetken, Pelin S.; Altug, Gulsen; Cardak, Mine; Gunes, Kemal
    In this study, the analyses were carried out to determine oil-degradation capacity and oil-resistance levels of bacteria isolated from water surface (0-30 cm) of nine stations of the Sapanca Lake from September of 2008 to May of 2010. Twenty-seven bacteria species belonging three classes and six families total of eighty-five wild bacteria were identified and screened against crude oil with respect to Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Bacterial isolates showing resistance against crude oil were chosen for Emulsification Index (E-24) test. Isolates displaying higher E-24 values were selected for further degradation tests regarding pH and oil thickness values in experimental setups. Fifty bacterial strains of eighty-five isolates were recorded to be resistant against oil hydrocarbon. Positive reactions percentages of the isolates against crude oil were detected in variable ranges between 25% and 100%. The results of the emulsification index test for crude oil indicated that the isolates of S49-Stenotrophomonas maltophila, S50-Aeromonas hydrophila, S59-E. coli1, S38-Aeromonas hydrophila and S43-Enterobacter cloaceae have higher emulsification percentages. The results of the degradation test showed that isolate of S59-E. coli1 has higher degradation ability than all isolates tested. The bacteria screened against crude oil were detected to be sensitive against crude oil during the first year of the study. Presence of petroleum-resistant bacteria in subsequent tests was associated with the unexpected oil spill occurred in the Sapanca Lake at the time. Detected crude oil resistant bacteria isolates were stocked for a possible use in upcoming bioremediation related studies.
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    POPULATION STRUCTURE OF WEDGE CLAM, DONAX TRUNCULUS (BIVALVIA, DONACIDAE), IN THE SOUTHERN SEA OF MARMARA, TURKEY
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2019) Colakoglu, Serhat; Yildirim, Pinar; Cardak, Mine; Ihsanoglu, Mukadder Arslan
    The growth, reproduction, and density of wedge clam (Donax trunculus) were studied at a depth of 0.5-2 m in Denizkent in the Southern Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Samples were collected monthly between May 2017 and July 2018. The average density of the studied population ranged between 118 individuals m(-2)(November) and 245 individuals m(-2) (July). von Bertalanffy growth parameters using the length-frequency distribution of Donax trunculus were estimated at L-x = 43.85 mm and the rate at which the asymptotic length (L-x) is approached (K) = 0.73y(-1). The slowest growth period was in Janu- ary. Growth performance index, potential longevity and maximum length derived from seasonal parameters were calculated as 3.15, 4.11 y and 42 mm, respectively. The growth pattern showed negative allometric growth (slope [b] = 2.71), the spawning period occurred from April to July and peaked between May and June.
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    Seasonal abundance and diversity of culturable heterotrophic bacteria in relation to environmental factors in the Gulf of Antalya, Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey
    (Springer, 2015) Cardak, Mine; Ozbek, Elif Ozgur; Kebapcioglu, Turhan
    The abundance of culturable heterotropic bacteria studied on and according to depth levels and seasons in the Gulf of Antalya. Environmental factors were compared regarding culturable heterotrophic bacteria abundance and diversities of bacteria. During the study period (between August 2009 and April 2010, seasonally in the Gulf of Antalya, at six stations and six depth levels (0-20 cm, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 m). The bacterial isolates were identified in the automated micro identification system VITEK 2 Compact 30 (Biomereux, France). The mean abundance was higher in Sts. D, E and F than Sts. A, B and C, located in the eastern part of the gulf. The mean abundance decreased as the depth level increased. The mean abundance of CHB ranged between 8.15 x 10(6) and 2.54 x 10(8) CFU ml(-1) throughout the year. Abundance of CHB differed according to the variations of biotic and abiotic factors. A total of 27 taxa of bacteria including six bacterial classes were reported in this study as the first records for the Gulf of Antalya. Six bacterial classes: Gamma Proteobacteria (46.81 %), Bacilli (27.66 %), Beta Proteobacteria (12.77 %), Alfa Proteobacteria (6.38 %), Actinobacteria (4.26 %) and Flavobacteria (2.13 %) were determined. The study resulted in increased knowledge on the composition and biochemical response of bacteria isolated from eutrophic and oligotrophic areas. 23 bacteria species belonging to 16 families were reported.
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    Seasonal variations and human health risk assessment of trace elements in the bivalve ecosystem in the Sea of Marmara
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Yildirim, Pinar; Cardak, Mine; Colakoglu, Serhat; Turker, Gulen; Ormanci, Hasan Basri
    Twelve trace elements were studied in four economically important bivalve molluscs (Mediterranean mussel, manila clam, striped venus clam, and truncated wedge clam) from the southern Marmara Sea for seasonal bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment. According to the findings, Fe and Zn were the most accumulative and element concentrations changed considerably (P < 0.05) between seasons and species. Daily, weekly, monthly intake and target hazard quotients of the trace elements were estimated and compared with maximum limits. The results revealed that consuming these bivalve molluscs from the southern Marmara Sea could be considered safe for human consumption. Nevertheless, further monitoring is needed in order to better follow the development in time of elemental pollution due to increasing environmental pressure on the Marmara Sea basin, together with research on other different bioaccumulative organisms.
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    Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Abundance, Biomass and Length of the Silver-Cheeked Toadfish Lagocephalus sceleratus in the Gulf of Antalya, Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean Sea)
    (Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2017) Ozbek, Elif Ozgur; Cardak, Mine; Kebapcioglu, Turhan
    The variations in abundance, biomass and length frequency of 811 individuals of Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin, 1789) according to the seasons, locations, and depth levels in the Gulf of Antalya were reported in this study. L. sceleratus was sampled from 61 of 116 hauls of commercial bottom trawl that were realized seasonally between August 2009 and April 2010, at six locations and at six depth levels (25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 m). The frequency of occurrence was 56.48% at the depths between 25 and 150 m, but the fish were absent at 200 m. The overall mean abundance was calculated as 136.21 ind./km(2) (11.67 ind./h) and biomass as 15.73 kg/km(2) (1.37 kg/h). The total length (TL) ranged from 11 to 50 cm, and the mean TL was calculated as 19.99 cm. According to the available data, this is the widest depth range of L. sceleratus and the deepest record of the species in the Mediterranean Sea.
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    SPECIES DISTRIBUTION AND HEAVY METAL RESISTANCE OF Enterobacteriaceae MEMBERS ISOLATED FROM ISTANBUL STRAIT
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2014) Cardak, Mine; Altug, Gulsen
    The aim of this study was to determine the isolation and heavy metal resistance of Enterobacteriaceae members in sea water samples obtained from stations located at the Black Sea exit and Marmara Sea entry of the Strait of Istanbul. A series of 126 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were identified using API 20E in sea water samples monthly obtained from the surface and various depths between February 2006 - March 2007. The isolates were subjected to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests using micro dilution technique in order to determine the resistance to the salts of copper, nickel, cadmium, mercury and zinc. Plasmid isolation and plasmid elimination tests were conducted to determine whether the resistance of the isolates depends on plasmids, using a Miniprep Kit. The highest heavy metal resistance was shown, respectively, by E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Pantoea spp., Salmonella spp., and Proteus spp. Isolates that were defined as resistant to heavy metals were stocked as candidate species for adapted cultures devoted to the natural elimination of heavy metals from the environment. Furthermore, the transfer of heavy metal resistance to other source bacteria in the environment via plasmids with ratios from 39 to 52 % was also exhibited for the first time in this study; the results are discussed considering the effects of environmental factors.
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    The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in some ships' ballast water incoming from various marine regions to the Sea of Marmara, Turkey
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2012) Altug, Gulsen; Gurun, Sevan; Cardak, Mine; Ciftci, Pelin S.; Kalkan, Samet
    The composition and frequency of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria, the abundance of heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (HPC) and possible in-situ use of chromogenic agar were investigated in the ships' ballast water coming from different regions of the world to the Sea of Marmara. Turkey for the first time. The samples that were taken from 21 unit ships coming from various marine environments of the Southern China Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, Turkey in 2009 and 2010 were tested. 38 bacteria species, 27 of them pathogenic bacteria belonging to 17 familia, were detected. Vibrio cholera was not detected in the samples. However, the presence of a high number of HPC, including a cocktail of pathogenic bacteria showed that the ships carry a potential risk for the Sea of Marmara. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.