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    Antimicrobial Properties of Colostrum and Milk
    (Mdpi, 2024) Eker, Furkan; Akdaşcı, Emir; Duman, Hatice; Yalçıntaş, Yalçın Mert; Canbolat, Ahmet Alperen; Kalkan, Arda Erkan; Karav, Sercan
    The growing number of antibiotic resistance genes is putting a strain on the ecosystem and harming human health. In addition, consumers have developed a cautious attitude towards chemical preservatives. Colostrum and milk are excellent sources of antibacterial components that help to strengthen the immunity of the offspring and accelerate the maturation of the immune system. It is possible to study these important defenses of milk and colostrum, such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulins, oligosaccharides, etc., as biotherapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of numerous infections caused by microbes. Each of these components has different mechanisms and interactions in various places. The compound's mechanisms of action determine where the antibacterial activity appears. The activation of the antibacterial activity of milk and colostrum compounds can start in the infant's mouth during lactation and continue in the gastrointestinal regions. These antibacterial properties possess potential for therapeutic uses. In order to discover new perspectives and methods for the treatment of bacterial infections, additional investigations of the mechanisms of action and potential complexes are required.
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    Bovine Colostrum in Pediatric Nutrition and Health
    (Mdpi, 2024) Canbolat, Ahmet Alperen; Lombardo, Mauro; Mondragon, Alicia del Carmen; Lopez, Jose Manuel Miranda; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, Sercan
    Bovine colostrum (BC), the first milk secreted by mammals after birth, is a trending alternative source for supplementing infants and children, offering benefits for gut and immune health. Its rich components, such as proteins, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and glycans, are used to fortify diets and support development. Preterm development is crucial, especially in the maturation of essential systems, and from 2010 to 2020, approximately 15% of all premature births occurred at less than 32 weeks of gestation worldwide. This review explores the composition, benefits, and effects of BC on general infants and children, along with preterm infants who require special care, and highlights its role in growth and development. BC is also associated with specific pediatric diseases, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), infectious diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), short-bowel syndrome (SBS), neonatal sepsis, gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, and some minor conditions. This review also discusses the clinical trials regarding these specific conditions which are occasionally encountered in preterm infants. The anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antiviral properties of BC are discussed, emphasizing its mechanisms of action. Clinical trials, particularly in humans, provide evidence supporting the inclusion of BC in formulas and diets, although precise standards for age, feeding time, and amounts are needed to ensure safety and efficacy. However, potential adverse effects, such as allergic reactions to caseins and immunoglobulin E, must be considered. More comprehensive clinical trials are necessary to expand the evidence on BC in infant feeding, and glycans, important components of BC, should be further studied for their synergistic effects on pediatric diseases. Ultimately, BC shows promise for pediatric health and should be incorporated into nutritional supplements with caution.
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    Lactoferrin: A Promising Therapeutic Molecule against Human Papillomavirus
    (Mdpi, 2024) Kaplan, Merve; Baktıroğlu, Merve; Kalkan, Arda Erkan; Canbolat, Ahmet Alperen; Lombardo, Mauro; Raposo, Antonio; Alves, Jose Luiz de Brito; Karav, Sercan
    Lactoferrin is a multifunctional glycoprotein naturally found in mammalian secretions, predominantly in colostrum and milk. As a key component of dairy foods, lactoferrin enhances viral protection and boosts human health, owing to its fundamental properties including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory effects. Importantly, the antiviral effect of lactoferrin has been shown against a range of viruses causing serious infections and threatening human health. One of the viruses that lactoferrin exerts significant antiviral effects on is the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is the most prevalent transmitted infection affecting a myriad of people around the world. Lactoferrin has a high potential to inhibit HPV via different mechanisms, including direct binding to viral envelope proteins or their cell receptors, thereby hindering viral entry and immune stimulation by triggering the release of some immune-related molecules through the body, such as lymphocytes. Along with HPV, lactoferrin also can inhibit a range of viruses including coronaviruses and hepatitis viruses in the same manner. Here, we overview the current knowledge of lactoferrin and its effects on HPV and other viral infections.
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    Polyphenols as Antiviral Agents: Their Potential Against a Range of Virus Types
    (Mdpi, 2025) Coskun, Nurten; Demir, Ranya; Canbolat, Ahmet Alperen; Saritas, Sumeyye; Pekdemir, Burcu; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, Sercan
    Polyphenols are structurally diverse plant metabolites that have attracted significant interest. Their compositions are versatile, depending on their structures, including the number of rings in the polyphenol composition. Based on these attributes, polyphenols can be classified as flavanols, anthocyanins, flavones, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and lignans. Polyphenols mainly possess inhibition of viral replication, interference with viral protein synthesis, and modulation of immune responses, providing significant antiviral effects against several viruses, including herpes simplex virus, hepatitis C virus, and influenza. They are crucial for medical compounds in diverse, versatile treatments, namely in diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative problems. Plants are the primary source of bioactive molecules, which are valued for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities. Especially, polyphenols are extracted as the most abundant bioactive compounds of plants. Moreover, viral infections are one of the major factors in illnesses and diseases, along with bacteria and fungi. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies report antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, Mayaro virus, dengue virus, herpesvirus, and influenza A virus, though clinical validation remains limited. Additionally, inhibition of viral entry, interference with viral replication, modulation of host immune response, and direct virucidal effects were examined.
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    Prebiotics: types, selectivity and utilization by gut microbes
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Yalcintas, Yalcin Mert; Bolino, Matthew J.; Duman, Hatice; Saritas, Sumeyye; Pekdemir, Burcu; Kalkan, Arda Erkan; Canbolat, Ahmet Alperen
    Prebiotics are dietary components selectively utilised by the host's gut microbiota and confer health benefits. They enhance cross-nutritional interactions by supporting beneficial bacteria (particularly Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus), increase the production of short-chain fatty acids through fermentation, and consequently strengthen the intestinal barrier, balance the immune response, improve metabolic markers (lipid and glucose profiles), regulate key gastrointestinal outcomes such as stool frequency and consistency, and improve some mood/cognitive measures. In early life, human milk oligosaccharides are associated with a Bifidobacterium-dominated ecology and immune development; N-linked and O-linked glycans derived from dietary glycoproteins may exhibit selective utilisation based on binding and species differences; and dietary polyphenols, after limited intestinal absorption, may transform into phenolic metabolites in the colon, shaping the microbiota in a prebiotic-like manner. This review addresses this entire framework, including inulin-type fructans (inulin and fructooligosaccharides), galactooligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides and arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactulose, human milk oligosaccharides, N- and O-linked glycans, and dietary polyphenols as prebiotic-like modulators, with their mechanisms and practical implications.
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    Rethinking Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease: Plant Foods, Bioactive Compounds, and the Shift Beyond Traditional Limitations: A Narrative Review
    (Mdpi, 2025) Nogueira-Rio, Nerea; Mondragon Portocarrero, Alicia del Carmen; Lamas Freire, Alexandre; Franco, Carlos Manuel; Canbolat, Ahmet Alperen; Karav, Sercan; Miranda Lopez, Jose Manuel
    The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased worldwide in recent years. Many factors can contribute to the progression of CKD, some of which are dietary patterns. Adequate control of protein, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium intake can significantly slow the progression of CKD. Most studies and nutritional guidelines addressing the care of people with CKD have focused primarily on dietary recommendations regarding macronutrient intake and the restriction of individual micronutrients. Traditionally, the consumption of fiber-rich fruits and vegetables has been restricted in patients with CKD to combat hyperkalemia. Among the reasons often given for this restriction are concerns about their high potassium and phosphorus contents. Limiting the intake of whole grains in CKD patients has also been recommended. However, findings indicate that phosphorus in plant foods is not fully absorbed in humans. Potassium contribution from vegetables can be reduced by culinary treatments, and when highly insoluble fiber is present in vegetables, it promotes potassium excretion through the intestine, which could help control the risk of hyperkalemia in CKD patients. Other recent findings have shown beneficial effects of vegetable bioactive compounds and resistant starch on CKD patients. The aim of the present review was to compile and discuss traditional recommendations for the use of plant-based foods for patients with CKD, as well as the mechanisms through which such foods may contribute to improving CKD progression.