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    Breast Cancer Screening Behavior in Turkish Women: Relationships with Health Beliefs and Self-esteem, Body Perception and Hopelessness
    (Asian Pacific Organization Cancer Prevention, 2009) Cam, Olcay; Babacan Gümüş, Aysun
    The purpose was to examine breast cancer screening behavior in Turkish women, the reasons for not doing screening and the relationship between health beliefs and levels of self-esteem, body perception, and hopelessness. This research was conducted as a descriptive, correlational study in an area covered by three neighborhood primary health care clinics in Bornova, Izmir. The data were collected between April and November 2006 from 382 women over 40 years of age who were selected using a stratified random sampling method and a descriptive information form, Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the Body Cathexis Scale (BCS) and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). The breast cancer screening methods used by women participating in the research were, respectively, mammography (34%), clinical breast examination (14.1%), breast self-examination (BSE) (59.4%). The reasons why women did not do breast cancer screening methods were determined to be: not having any symptoms, neglect, not sensing the need, and not knowing how BSE is done. In the examination of the women's CHBMS subscale score means and RSES, BCS and BHS score mean a statistically significant relationships were determined between Benefits-BSE, Barriers-BSE, Confidence, Health motivation, Benefits-mammography and barriers-mammography subscale score means and RSES, BCS and BHS mean scores (p<0.01). It was found out that women with high level of self-esteem, high level of hope for the future and with a positive body perception have more positive health beliefs on breast cancer screening.
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    Effects of Emotional Support-Focused Nursing Interventions on the Psychosocial Adjustment of Breast Cancer Patients
    (Asian Pacific Organization Cancer Prevention, 2008) Babacan Gümüş, Aysun; Cam, Olcay
    The purpose was to examine the effect of emotional support-focused nursing interventions on the psychosocial adjustment of breast cancer patients. The research was conducted in the Radiation Oncology Department of Ege University Medical Faculty Hospital and at Tulay Aktas Oncology Hospital in Turkey. There were 30 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients included in the sample. Emotional support-focused nursing interventions were administered in seven sessions individually with each patient. A total of 210 hours of meetings with the patients were conducted. Data were collected by administering a pre-test and post-test in two phases with the patients using a Descriptive Information Form and the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale - Self Report (PAIS-SR). The patients mean age was 44.5 (SD=6.38) years and the mean duration of illness was 6.46 (SD=1.99) months. In the comparison of the PAIS-SR pretest and post-test mean scores it was determined that there was a significant increase in patients adaptation to health care orientation (p=0.001), domestic environment (p<0.01), sexual relationships (p<0.05), extended family relationships (p<.001) and social environment (p<0.001), and a significant decrease in psychological distress (p<0.001). However there was no change in patients vocational adjustment (p>.05). According to these findings emotional support-focused nursing interventions had a part in increasing patients psychosocial adjustment.
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    INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING PSYCHOSOCIAL ADJUSTMENT OF PATIENTS WITH BREAST CANCER
    (Aves, 2009) Cam, Olcay; Saka, Senay; Babacan Gümüş, Aysun
    Purpose: Physical, psychological and social variables influences psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer diagnosis. This study was carried out to determine the factors that aff ect the psychosocial adjustment of patients with breast cancer. Patients and Methods: The study was carried out in Bursa Ali Osman Snmez Oncology Hospital between June and September 2007. The sample of the study was composed of 91 patients with breast cancer who accepted to participate to the study. Data were collected by Introductory Information Form and Psychosocial Adjustment to the Illness Scale - Self-Report. Data were evaluated using percentage distribution, ANOVA, t test and Duncan test. Results: The mean age of patients was 51.91 +/- 10.91. It was found out that level of psychosocial adjustment of 26.3% of the patients was good, level of psychosocial adjustment of 40.7% of them was fair and level of psychosocial adjustment of 33% of them was poor. According to these fi ndings, child number, family type, education level, occupation, income level, time of illness and effects on the life of illness were found to have an eff ect on patients' adjustment. Patients' psychosocial adjustment having single child, living alone, having insuffi cient income, to be aff ected as negative in your life because of the illness and newly diagnosed were found low level. Otherwise patients' psychosocial adjustment having high education level and retired were found high level. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that sociodemographic and medical factors were eff ective on psychosocial adjustment of patients with breast cancer.
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    RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EARLY DIAGNOSIS ATTITUDES IN CERVICAL CANCER OF WOMEN AND LEVELS OF SELF-ESTEEM, BODY PERCEPTION AND HOPELESSNESS
    (Nobel Ilac, 2011) Babacan Gümüş, Aysun; Cam, Olcay
    Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between early diagnosis attitudes and levels of self-esteem, body perception and hopelessness in women with cervical cancer Material and Method: This research was conducted as a descriptive, cross-sectional study in an area covered by three neighborhood primary health care clinics in Bornova, Izmir The data were collected from 390 women over the 18 years of age who were selected using a stratified random sampling method. A Descriptive Information Form, The Scale of Attitudes Toward Early Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer (SAEDCC), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Body Cathexis Scale (BCS) Ye Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) were used for data collection. Results: 56.4% of women did not,go to the gynecologic examination. The level of doing regularly pap test of women was 5.4%. The reasons why women did not want to be tested for pap smear were determined to be: not having any symptoms, neglect, not knowing pap smear and embarrassment. There were significant relations between perceived barrier and perceived benefit score means and RSES, BCS, BHS score means of the women. Conclusion: The rate of women who has been regularly tested for smear was low It was found that women with high level of self-esteem, high level of hope and with a positive body perception have more positive health attitudes towards early diagnosis of cervical cancer.
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    Relationships Between Psychosocial Adjustment and Hopelessness in Women with Breast Cancer
    (Asian Pacific Organization Cancer Prevention, 2011) Babacan Gümüş, Aysun; Cam, Olcay; Malak, Arzu Tuna
    Objective: Several physical, psychological and social variables influence women with breast cancer. This study was designed to analyze the relationship between psychosocial adjustment and hopelessness in a group of such women in Turkey. Method: The subjects were 90 women with breast cancer recruited at i Ege University School of Medicine Department of Radiation Oncology Nurse Counsellor Unit and Tulay Aktas Oncology Hospital Outpatient Chemotherapy Unit. Data were collected using an Introductory Information Form and Psychosocial Adjustment to the Illness Scale - Self-Report (PAIS-SR) and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and analyzed by Pearson Correlation Analysis. Results: The mean age of the women was 49.4 +/- 11.0. It was found that the level of psychosocial adjustment of 63.3% of the women was poor. A positive relationship was determined between PAIS-SR mean score and BHS mean score of the women with breast cancer (r=0.731, p<0.01). Conclusion: It was observed that as the psychosocial adjustment worsens, as the level of hopelessness of the women increases. In the light of this relationship, it was concluded that the attempts to increase hope and therefore the support for the psychosocial adjustment of patients should play a vital role in increasing their quality of life.
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    Socio-demographic Factors and the Practice of Breast Self Examination and Mammography by Turkish Women
    (Asian Pacific Organization Cancer Prevention, 2010) Babacan Gümüş, Aysun; Cam, Olcay; Malak, Arzu Tuna
    Objective: The health beliefs and experiences of women related to preventive behavior must be understood within the cultural context. The present study was conducted to assess socio-demographic characteristics affecting breast cancer health beliefs of Turkish women. Methods: This research was conducted in an area covered by three neighborhood public education centres in Bornova, Izmir. The data were collected from 382 women over 40 years of age who were selected using a stratified random sampling method, using a descriptive information form and the Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS). Data was analyzed by t test, variance analysis and Duncan test. Results: Some 40.6 % of women performed BSE, and 34.0% had undergone mammography. There was a significant difference in CHBMS total mean score of women according to age, marital status, family type, regarding information about breast cancer. Variation in scores on susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, health motivation, and confidence were observed regarding women who performed BSE (p<0.05) but not mammography. Conclusion: The effective socio-demographic characteristics of breast cancer health beliefs of women should be considered in the design of breast health promotion and screening programs because they are likely to have a bearing on Turkish women's attitudes regarding the value they perceive in cancer screening.