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    Do the COVID-19 Policies Affect the Happiness of the Turkish People? Evidence from the Life Satisfaction Survey
    (Springer Nature, 2025) Caglayan-Akay, Ebru; Ertok-Onurlu, Merve; Komuryakan, Fulden
    Beginning in December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic caused serious difficulties worldwide, with Türkiye significantly being impacted from March 2020. The Turkish government implemented strict measures, including lockdowns, curfews, and age-specific restrictions, to reduce virus spread and minimize mortality. These measures led to increased social isolation, restricted mobility, and heightened anxiety, affected individual happiness. This study examines changes in happiness levels in Türkiye across pre-pandemic (2019), during-pandemic (2020), and post-pandemic (2021) periods, and evaluates the impact of pandemic-related policies and government support campaigns. Using three waves of the nationally representative Life Satisfaction Survey from the Turkish Statistical Institute and employing the partial proportional odds model, which avoids bias by relaxing the parallel lines assumption and preventing over-parameterization, this study finds that happiness levels were significantly impacted by the pandemic and its restrictions in 2020, with a persistent reduction even after restrictions were lifted in 2021. Happiness levels varied significantly by age in 2020, with younger individuals and those aged 65 and above experiencing declines compared to pre- and post-pandemic periods, likely due to strict pandemic restrictions. Marriage and living in larger households were associated with higher happiness levels, whereas economic factors and health concerns had less impact. Employed individuals and those without serious health conditions generally reported higher happiness levels during the pandemic. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of happiness changes during the pandemic and suggests future policies should consider long-term mental health and social well-being. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.
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    Tobacco control policies and the multidimensional context of tobacco use by gender: The case of Türkiye
    (Wiley, 2024) Caglayan-Akay, Ebru; Ertok-Onurlu, Merve; Komuryakan, Fulden
    ObjectiveThis study aims to determine the indicators of tobacco use in T & uuml;rkiye within a multidimensional context as socio-demographic, physical, behavioural, and psychological as a response to the tobacco control policies.MethodsThe Turkish Health Survey data in 2014 and 2019 are employed within a probit model approach and the differences in tobacco are decomposed use by gender in order to reveal the gender differences. The samples in 2014 (total n = 19,129; males = 8 721, females = 10,408) and 2019 (total n = 17,084; males = 7 784, females = 9300) were restricted to 15-year-old and above.ResultsThe findings indicate that being in the 30-49 age cohort, having lower education, and being married increase the likelihood of tobacco use. Future policies and campaigns should specifically target the single, pre-obese, employed males who consume alcohol. For females, the gender-specific policies should aim to reduce the prevalence of smoking, especially among separated or widows, obese, and out of the labour force. The contribution of mental health indicators on tobacco use has declined over the 5 years, which could be a result of the supportive free health services in T & uuml;rkiye. The findings provide evidence for a significant and increasing gender difference in tobacco use in T & uuml;rkiye along with reporting that the most significant contributors to gender differences in tobacco use are alcohol consumption and education level.ConclusionEven though the Ministry of Health and the government have been implementing anti-tobacco policies, legislations, and campaigns for years, the tobacco use prevalence has remained high and even increased in T & uuml;rkiye. This study examines tobacco consumption in T & uuml;rkiye in response to national control policies. Policies that address the complexities of tobacco use and gender differences could mitigate harm. Future tobacco reduction policies should focus on single, pre-obese, employed males who consume alcohol. Future initiatives for females should target separated or widowed, obese individuals who are out of the labour force.