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    Characteristics and properties of Bitlis ignimbrites and their environmental implications
    (Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas-Csic, 2020) Isik, E.; Buyuksarac, A.; Avsar, E.; Kuluozturk, M. F.; Gunay, M.
    Bitlis rock is used as a construction material and comes from the lava emitted by volcanoes and their subsequent transformation into ignimbrites. This type of rocks has been characterized physically, chemically, toxicologically and radioactively using different procedures including determination of the coefficient of thermal conductivity, gamma spectrometry, ultrasonic speed test, ICP masses and metal extraction. The results indicate that Bitlis rocks have an ACI greater than 1, although their content of radon is lower than other rocks of volcanic origin. Leaching of metals from these rocks indicates that Pb and Cd can provide an infiltration level in the field higher than the level permitted by TCLP and they have undesired toxicological risks. The percentages of extraction of other metals also point to this infiltration problem. Despite this, the material offers good qualities for usage as a building material such as its thermal coefficients.
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    GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION OF BURIED CANNONS IN KUMKALE (DARDANELLES), TURKEY
    (Univ Agean, Dept Mediterranean Stud, 2014) Buyuksarac, A.; Sayilir, B.; Yalciner, C. C.; Bektas, O.; Kurban, Y. C.; Topcu, M. I.
    Kumkale that is an old Ottoman fort is located near the ruins of ancient Troy. Cannons throwing huge balls were placed in the fort of Kumkale such as other forts on the side of Dardanelles in the period of Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Empire attended to the World War I against Allied Forces in 1914. The Allied forces attacked as bombarding Ottoman's batteries. in Dardanelles. Firstly, the British began their interest in Kumkale with an unsuccessful bombardment on 19th of February, 1915. They followed this up on 25th of February with a bit more success, their warships staying out of range as they pounded the area. When they were leaving from Kumkale, Allied Forces destroyed the cannons. Since then, the destroyed cannons were buried in the ground. However, approximate places of them were recorded in military archives. Here, buried cannons were successfully investigated by magnetic and ground penetrating radar (GPR) methods in three regions, where pieces of cannons, phone cable between array of cannons, equipment used in maintenance and repair of the cannons and pieces of cannons were located.
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    HIGH-RESOLUTION GROUND PENETRATING RADAR INVESTIGATION OF YEREBATAN (BASILICA) CISTERN IN ISTANBUL (CONSTANTINOPLE) FOR RESTORATION PURPOSES
    (Univ Agean, Dept Mediterranean Stud, 2020) Aydingun, S.; Kurban, Y. C.; Yalciner, C. C.; Buyuksarac, A.; Gundogdu, E.; Altunel, E.
    New data are presented from non-destructive structural investigations in the Istanbul Yerebatan (Basilica) Cistern (placed in the top 10 sites in Turkey on the UNESCO World Heritage List) for restoration purposes. Degradation identified is discussed in relation to past earthquakes. Istanbul has housed many civilizations and searching for the traces of earthquakes in historical sites in a city which has experienced many large earthquakes during this process will assist in illuminating the past. It is possible to see traces of these earthquakes in the Yerebatan (Basilica) Cistern, serving as the largest enclosed water storage in Istanbul for nearly 1000 years. In line with this aim, research was completed with the high-resolution ground penetrating radar (GPR) method on both the floor and internal side walls of the cistern which is undergoing restoration. In this study, deformation was determined in the layers of water insulation on the floor of the cistern and it was understood these deformations were associated with degradation in the 336 columns acting as supports for the cistern. Drilling in anomalous sites determined by GPR screening identified traces of repairs and it was concluded that the degradation causing anomalies may be related to past earthquakes.
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    IDENTIFICATION OF BURIED ARCHAEOLOGICAL RELICS USING DERIVATIVES OF MAGNETIC ANOMALIES IN OLYMPOS MOUNTAIN WEST ANATOLIA: A CASE STUDY
    (Univ Agean, Dept Mediterranean Stud, 2013) Buyuksarac, A.; Bektas, O.; Tulunay, E. T.; Ates, A.
    Nif (Olympos) Mountain is a wide archaeological site in west Anatolia (Turkey). Surface investigations and excavations have been done in the area since 12 years. The magnetic method as a geophysical prospection method was applied on an area of 500 m2. This method was chosen because such a prospecting technique provides a great amount of high-resolution magnetic data in a very short time. A correlation could be made between the derivative methods used in this study. Analytic signal (AS) method revealed not only grave but also surrounding stones. The total derivative method could not separate stones and grave. Normalised Standard Total Derivation (NSTD) method gave similar results with AS. Magnetic investigations in Dagkizilca sector of Nif (Olympos) Mountain revealed some interesting results. We expected all anomalies to belong to buried archaeological materials in this area due to the surface disturbances of this site The data processing identified interesting magnetic anomalies that lead to test excavations, which in turn resulted to the unearthing of a grave, as well as, illegal intervening by antiquity robbers.
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    Importance of ground properties in the relationship of ground vibration-structural hazard and land application
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Caylak, C.; Kocaslan, A.; Gorgulu, K.; Buyuksarac, A.; Arpaz, E.
    Vibration parameters like frequency, acceleration and particle velocity play an active role in the relationship of ground vibration-structural hazard. These parameters change depending on blasting energy and the properties of rock environment. Therefore, in the first step, rock mass properties and possible directional variation were investigated by using different geophysical methods (electrical resistivity, seismic refraction and multi-channel analysis of surface wave) and current sounding information. Each method offers different sensitivities and resolutions depending on the physical characteristics of different materials. Evaluating these as a whole increased the solubility of the research. According to seismic S- and P-wave velocities, electrical resistivity and sounding information, the study area consists of consecutive sequences of alluvium, clay limestone, tuff and limestone units. And these units show variations from place to place in the study area. In the second stage, evaluations were made according to the structural hazard standards used widely in the literature and components of velocity, acceleration and frequency obtained from blasting vibration seismograph and accelerometers. As a result, it is seen that ground vibrations show different spreading properties in different directions and different hazard risks depending on the geological structure of the region. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Stress accumulation on the Karlıova (Bingöl) Triple Junction after two big earthquakes (Pazarcık-Ekinözü) in Turkey in 2023
    (Ist Nazionale Di Oceanografia E Di Geofisica, 2025) Bektas, O.; Pirti, A.; Alkan, H.; Yucel, M. A.; Buyuksarac, A.
    Active fault zones primarily influence earthquakes in the Karl & imath;ova (Bing & ouml;l) region. The mentioned region is in Turkey's first and second seismic hazard zones; however, it also includes certain areas in the third and fourth seismic hazard zones. In this study, we investigated the earthquake activities using data collected from various global navigation satellite system (GNSS) surveys of continuously operating reference stations in Turkey (CORS-TR). We also analysed the Coulomb stress change caused by the 15 local earthquakes surrounding the Karl & imath;ova Triple Junction. Additionally, we investigated the relationship between Coulomb stress change and horizontal displacements from GNSS survey results, focusing on horizontal displacement vectors. Besides, gravity data were used to infer the fault geometries and shallow crustal structures. The largest horizontal movement was observed at the BIN1 station, the intersection point of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) and the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). At the CORS-TR point on the Karl & imath;ova segment of the EAFZ, the horizontal displacement was calculated to be approximately 10.1 cm in the north-eastern direction. The observations of Coulomb stress change reveal that positive stress variations were observed in the NW-SE and SW-NE directions along the main fault line at a depth of approximately 30 km, in accordance with the tilt transformation of gravity anomalies.
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    SURFACE GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND PRELIMINARY EXCAVATIONS AT THE DIVRIGI CITADEL, SIVAS (TURKEY)
    (Univ Agean, Dept Mediterranean Stud, 2013) Buyuksarac, A.; Eser, E.; Bektas, O.; Akay, B.; Kosaroglu, S.
    A geophysical survey including magnetic and electromagnetic conductivity survey were made on the Divrigi Citadel in Sivas, Turkey. Eight areas were surveyed according to archaeologists' suggestions for the initial geophysical research. Derivatives of the magnetic data provide well identified images. Mere were two circular anomalies with 7-7.5 m in diameter and probably a buried channel anomaly with 9 m length. A schematic image map was prepared for next excavation campaign and interpreted as snow wells for this area. ElectroMagnetic Conductivity Profiler Survey (EM-CPS) measurements were made on the some low intensity anomalies in two areas. In these measurements, conductivity and in-phase quantity values were recorded. There was a good correlation between magnetic anomalies and conductivity measurements. A conductive area (19-28 milliSiemens per meter, mSm(-1)) overlies the magnetic anomaly with low intensity. A trench is excavated and that excavation allowed us to reveal the geophysical survey results. Preliminary results show that the Divrigi Citadel could be used as the workshop area. Correlation of geophysical surveying and the excavation results show that the geophysical data and advanced processing methods are valuable tools to gather spatial information about individual buried archaeological objects.