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    Estimating remobilization of potentially toxic elements in soil and road dust of an industrialized urban environment
    (Springer, 2022) Botsou, Fotini; Sungur, Ali; Kelepertzis, Efstratios; Kypritidou, Zacharenia; Daferera, Ourania; Massas, Ioannis; Argyraki, Ariadne
    The mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is of paramount concern in urban settings, particularly those affected by industrial activities. Here, contaminated soils and road dusts of the medium-size, industrialized city of Volos, Central Greece, were subjected to single-step extractions (0.43 M HNO3 and 0.5 M HCl) and the modified BCR sequential extraction procedure. This approach will allow for a better understanding of the geochemical phase partitioning of PTEs and associated risks in urban environmental matrices. Based on single extraction procedures, Pb and Zn exhibited the highest remobilization potential. Of the non-residual phases, the reducible was the most important for Pb, and the oxidizable for Cu and Zn in both media. On the other hand, mobility of Ni, Cr, and Fe was low, as inferred by their dominance into the residual fraction. Interestingly, we found a significant increase of the residual fraction in the road dust samples compared to soils. Carbonate content and organic matter controlled the extractabilities of PTEs in the soil samples. By contrast, for the road dust, magnetic susceptibility exerted the main control on the geochemical partitioning of PTEs. We suggest that anthropogenic particles emitted by heavy industries reside in the residual fraction of the SEP, raising concerns about the assessment of this fraction in terms of origin of PTEs and potential environmental risks. Conclusively, the application of sequential extraction procedures should be complemented with source identification of PTEs with the aim to better estimate the remobilization of PHEs in soil and road dust influenced by industrial emissions.
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    Heavy Metals in Soil and Sand from Playgrounds of canakkale City (Turkey), and Related Health Risks for Children
    (Mdpi, 2022) Parlak, Mehmet; Tuncay, Tulay; Botsou, Fotini
    Children spend most of their time in playgrounds and, in parallel, constitute the social group most sensitive to contaminants. Here, we present the results of a comparative study of heavy-metal contents between soils and sand from sandboxes obtained from playgrounds of canakkale city. Average contents of soils followed the order of iron (Fe) (12,901 mg kg(-1)) > manganese (Mn) (475 mg kg(-1)) > zinc (Zn) (58 mg kg(-1)) > copper (Cu) (28 mg kg(-1)) > nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) (21 mg kg(-1)) > lead (Pb) (18 mg kg(-1)). Sand had lower contents, however, due to the reduction of particles size through prolonged use, and accumulation of Fe/Mn (oxyhydr)oxides on sand grains tended to diminish the differences between soils and sand. Through chemometric analysis, Cr and Ni were found to have a lithogenic origin, while the rest of metals were related to anthropogenic activities. Spatially, heavy-metal contents followed the pattern of the city's sprawl. Risk estimates on children's health showed that ingestion was the most important exposure route, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. Exposure of children to sand was of similar importance to that of soils. These findings are significant, as the contamination of sand has not yet received much attention compared to the soil of playgrounds.
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    Öğe
    Insights into the chemical partitioning of trace metals in roadside and off-road agricultural soils along two major highways in Attica's region, Greece
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2016) Botsou, Fotini; Sungur, Ali; Kelepertzis, Efstratios; Soylak, Mustafa
    We report in this study the magnetic properties and partitioning patterns of selected trace metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni) in roadside and off-road (> 200 m distance from the road edge) agricultural soils collected along two major highways in Greece. Sequential extractions revealed that the examined trace metals for the entire data set were predominantly found in the residual fraction, averaging 37% for Cd up to 80% for Cu. Due to the strong influence of lithogenic factors, trace metal pseudototal contents of the roadside soils did not differ significantly to those of the off-road soils. Magnetic susceptibility and frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility determinations showed a magnetic enhancement of soils; however, it was primarily related to geogenic factors and not to traffic-derived magnetic particles. These results highlight that in areas characterized by strong geogenic backgrounds, neither pseudototal trace metal contents nor magnetic properties determinations effectively capture traffic-related contamination of topsoils. The vehicular emission signal was traced by the increased acid-soluble and reducible trace metal contents of the roadside soils compared to their off-road counterparts. In the case of Cu and Zn, changes in the partitioning patterns were also observed between the roadside and off-road soils. Environmental risks associated with agricultural lands extending at the margins of the studied highways may arise from the elevated Ni contents (both pseudototal and potentially mobile), and future studies should investigate Ni levels in the edible parts of plants grown on these agricultural soils. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.