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    Effects of Dietary Incorporation of Tetra (Cotinus coggygria) Extract on Immune Response and Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
    (Israeli Journal Of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 2014) Bilen, Soner; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Bilen, Asli Muge; Biswas, Gouranga
    In this study, immunostimulant effects of dietary supplementation of tetra (Cotinus coggygria) extract on the non-specific immune response, and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated. Koi were fed with tetra extract incorporated diets containing 0 (Control), 0.5 (Te1), 1.0 (Te2) and 1.5 g/kg (Te3), for 30 days. At the end of the study there were no differences in the values of hematological parameters between treatments. However, red blood cell counts were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in Te2 group. Nitroblue tetrazolium activity was higher in all the treatment groups compared to the control, and highest values were recorded in Te3, Te1 and Te2 groups, respectively. Lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activity of the treatment groups was significantly enhanced compared to control (P < 0.05), and higher values of lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activity were seen in Te3, Te2 and Te1 groups, respectively. In the challenge study with A. hydrophila (108 CFU/ml) administered after 30 days of feeding where the Koi received Te3, Te2, Te1, and control diets, they had 13.3, 20.0, 26.7, and 40.0% mortality, respectively. Tetra extract supplemented diets enhanced the immunological responses and triggered the immune system of Koi carp against A. hydrophila infection.
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    Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Herbal Oils Containing 1,8-cineole, Carvacrol or Pulegone on Growth Performance, Survival, Fatty Acid Composition, and Liver and Kidney Histology of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fingerlings
    (Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2015) Sonmez, Adem Yavuz; Bilen, Soner; Albayrak, Mevlut; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Biswas, Gouranga; Hisar, Olcay; Yanik, Talat
    A feeding trial was performed to assess any beneficial effect of three herbal oils; mint, thyme and sage oils containing 74 g kg-1 pulegone, 77 g kg-1 carvacrol and 76 g kg-11,8-cineole, respectively on growth performance, survival, fatty acid composition, and liver and kidney histology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Herbal oils were added at 0.5 %, 1.0% and 1.5 % concentrations to a fish meal-based control diet, and each diet was fed to triplicate groups of rainbow trout fingerlings for 60 days with growth parameters recorded weekly. Results showed that FCR was affected negatively in all mint oil diet fed groups where it was higher than that of control and other groups (P<0.05). The lowest FCR values were recorded in the thyme and sage oil containing diets fed groups (P<0.05) with no significant differences between these two groups. SGR was also found lower in mint oil groups than in control. The highest SGR was recorded in thyme and sage oil fed groups (P<0.05). Survival was similar in fish fed with diets containing thyme, sage oil and control diet (P>0.05). However, survival was the lowest in fish fed with mint oil supplemented diets(P<0.05). Whole body fatty acid profiles except total saturated fatty acids are closely influenced by dietary herbal oil administrations. Total polyunsaturated n-6 fatty acid was lowest in 1 % thyme oil and all sage oil diet fed groups (P<0.05). Total polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acid was similar between control and sage oil supplemented groups, but in other groups it was significantly decreased (P<0.05). EPA/DHA ratio was observed significantly low in 1.5 % thyme oil and all groups of sage oil fed fish. There were no histological differences observed in liver or kidney of fish fedwith control and 0.5 % and 1 % thyme and sage oil supplemented diets. The present results showed positive effects of thyme and sage herbal essential oil supplemented diets on growth performance and fatty acid utilization and these oils may be useful feed supplements in production of rainbow trout.
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    Growth performance and antioxidant enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles fed diets supplemented with sage, mint and thyme oils
    (Springer, 2015) Sonmez, Adem Yavuz; Bilen, Soner; Alak, Gonca; Hisar, Olcay; Yanik, Talat; Biswas, Gouranga
    This study evaluated effects of dietary supplementation of sage (Salvia officinalis), mint (Mentha spicata) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oils on growth performance, lipid peroxidation level (melondialdehyde, MDA) and liver antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD; glutathione reductase, GR; glutathione-S-transferase, GST and glutathione peroxidase, GPx) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. For this purpose, triplicate groups of rainbow trout were fed daily ad libitum with diets containing sage, mint and thyme oils at 500, 1,000 and 1,500 mg kg(-1) for 60 days. While weight gain percentage of fish fed the diets containing sage and thyme oils was significantly higher than the control group, that of fish fed mint oil was the lowest. Similarly, specific growth rate was found to be the highest in all groups of the sage and thyme oil feeding and the lowest in the mint groups. Moreover, feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in the mint oil administered groups. Survival rate was also significantly reduced in the fish fed the diet containing mint oil. It was observed that SOD, G6PD and GPx activities were significantly increased in liver tissues of all the treated fish groups compared to that of control diet-fed group. However, CAT, GST and GR activities were significantly decreased in experimental diet-fed fish groups at the end of the experiment. On the other hand, a significant reduction was found in MDA levels in the fish fed the diets with sage and thyme oils compared to control and mint diets on the 30th and 60th days of experiment. Overall, dietary inclusion of sage and thyme oils is effective in enhancing rainbow trout growth, reduction in MDA and least changing antioxidant enzyme activities at a low level of 500 mg kg(-1) diet, and they can be used as important feed supplements for rainbow trout production.