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    Effect of animal breed, season and milk production scale on somatic cell count and composition of cow milk
    (2017) Ivanov, Galin Y.; Bilgucu, Ertugrul; Balabanova, Tatyana B.; Ivanova, Ivelina V.; Uzatici, Ahmet
    Production of high quality dairy products requires profound knowledge about factors conducting raw milk quality. Therefore, the present study aimed to provide to dairy processors the necessary information for the effect of animal breed, season and milk production scale on the quality and technological properties of raw milk. In this respect, the main composition parameters (total solids, milk fat, protein content) and microbiological parameters (somatic cell count (SCC) and total viable count (TVC)) of bulk raw milk collected from small-scale producers and of raw milk from Simmental, Holstein and Jersey breeds produced in large-scale farms were studied over a one year period. Total solids, protein and fat levels in bulk milk demonstrated seasonal trends. Milk fat and protein contents were the highest in autumn and winter and the lowest in spring and summer. However, no significant seasonal variations were detected in total solids, milk fat and protein contents in the milk from large-scale farms. The values of these parameters were significantly higher (P<0.05) in milk from Jersey breed in comparison with the other two breeds studied. Lower TVC and SCC of milk produced by large-scale farms in comparison with small-scale producers were found. The SCC values of bulk milk samples were significantly higher (P < 0.05) during the autumn-winter period compared to spring and summer. The milk produced by large-scale producers lacks significant seasonal variations of SCC. It was found that the SCC of milk from Jersey breed is statistically (P < 0.05) higher than that the other breeds studied. © 2017, National Centre for Agrarian Sciences. All rights reserved.
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    Effect of somatic cells count of raw caw milk on the fermentation process and quality of ayran
    (University of Food Technologies Plovdiv, 2020) Bilgucu, Ertugrul; Ivanov, Galin; Ivanova, Ivelina; Balabanova, Tatyana; Uzatici, Ahmet
    The present study aimed to provide scientific information for the effect of somatic cells count (SCC) of raw cow milk obtained from different regions of Turkey on the fermentation process and quality characteristics of ayran. Test ayran samples were produced from three different batches of cow milk with low (<400 000 cells.cm-3), medium (between 500 000 and 600 000 cells.cm-3) and high (1000 000 cells.cm-3) SCC, respectively. The main physicochemical parameters as pH, total solids, milk fat, protein, lactose, lactic acid content and microbiological parameters as somatic cells count (SCC) and total viable count (TVC) of raw milk and ayran samples were studied. During the first two hours of coagulation, the higher SCC in the milk seems to have an inhibiting effect on the development of the lactic acid bacteria from the starter culture and on the fermentation process, respectively. Nevertheless, SCC of the raw milk did not have a significant effect on the composition of the ayran. The increase in the SCC values up to 1000 000 cells.cm-3 in the raw cow’s milk affected negatively the organoleptic characteristics of the ayran made from it. Practical applications: The knowledge for the effect of SCC of raw caw milk on the fermentation process allows us to optimize the technology parameters for production of ayran and to improve its quality characteristics. The data from sensory analysis of ayran samples produced by milks with different SCC will provide additional information for the importance of the implementation of the monitoring of somatic cells in raw caw milk quality control. © 2020 The Authors. UFT Academic publishing house, Plovdiv.
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    Effect of somatic cells count of raw milk on the carbonyl compounds and low molecular weight fatty acids formation in ayran
    (Consulting and Training Center - KEY, 2020) Ivanov, Galin; Bilgucu, Ertugrul; Ivanova, Ivelina; Dimitrova, Milena
    The production of high quality milk is a requirement to sustain a profitable dairy industry. Losses due to mastitis include decreased milk production, increased treatment costs, discarded milk, and loss of milk quality premiums. Somatic cell count values are routinely used to identify subclinical mastitis and played role as quality parameter of raw milk. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of somatic cells count (SCC) of raw cow’s milk on the carbonyl compounds and low molecular weight fatty acids formation in ayran. Test ayran samples were produced from three different batches of cow’s milk with low (up to 400,000 cells/ mL), medium (between 500,000 and 600,000 cells/mL) and high (above 1,000,000 cells/mL) SCC, respectively. The physicochemical parameters of the raw milk and ayran samples were determined by using Infrared Milk Analyzer 150. The volatile organic compounds in ayran samples were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A lower content of diacetyl, acetoin, hexanal, and heptanal, and a higher content of acetone, 2,3-pentanedione and butanoic acid were established in the ayran samples from batches with higher SCC (between 500,000 and 1,000,000 cells/mL). The increased SCC of raw cow’s milk had a negative effect on the profile of the carbonyl compounds in ayran, which may lead to deterioration in its sensory quality and to shelf life reduction, respectively. Our research presents the current knowledge about the effect of SCC on the volatile organic compounds profile of ayran. Such knowledge will help for development and implementation of more complete udder health programs and monitoring systems in dairy farms in order to improve raw milk and ayran quality. © 2020, Consulting and Training Center - KEY. All rights reserved.
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    Microbiological and physicochemical properties of farm bulk tank milk and antimicrobial resistance of its dominant bacteria
    (Wiley, 2023) Tepeli, Seda Ozdikmenli; Zorba, Murat; Yalman, Musa; Bilgucu, Ertugrul; Zorba, Nukhet Nilufer Demirel
    This study determined the antibiotic resistance of the dominant bacteria in the 85 farm BTMs according to the guidelines recommended by the epidemiological cutoff values in the EUCAST. In addition, some physicochemical and microbiological properties of farm BTMs were investigated. The milk samples were divided into two groups according to their SCC values. The milk samples with higher SCC than 400,000 cells mL(-1) were further examined bacteriologically, and the antibiotic resistance of isolates was determined. The average TAMB value was 6.34 log CFU/mL in farm BTM. It was found that high-SCC values did not affect other physicochemical properties of BTM samples, such as fat, protein and total solids, except for lactose content. Seventy-two strains were isolated from 45 bulk milk samples. The most prevalent bacteria were Enterococcus spp. (23.61%). The other isolates were Citrobacter spp. (12.5%), Staphylococcus spp. (12.51%), Serratia spp. (11.12%), Klebsiella spp. (9.72%), Bacillus spp. (9.72%), and Enterobacter spp. (8.33%). In antibiotic resistance analysis, 52.6% of Enterobacterales isolates showed cefoxitin resistance, and nine Enterobacterales isolates were determined as the presumptive ESBL producers. None of them was confirmed as ESBL producers. Moreover, MDR was detected in 83.3% of Enterobacter spp. isolates and all Bacillus spp. isolates. The over and inappropriate use of antibiotics in mastitis treatment may cause antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in milk. It was found that 52.7% of the isolated bacteria were MDR, which could pose a risk to public health and food safety, with the consumer's increasing interest in consuming raw milk.
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    Possible heavy metal residues in poultry and their products that are bred around cement industry
    (Univ Fed Rural Semi-Arido-Ufersa, 2015) Ersoy, Ismail Erbil; Uzatici, Ahmet; Bilgucu, Ertugrul
    Industry is an efficient tool for industrial development that is present in human lives and that mobilizes local and regional economies. When inspected from this aspect, industrial regions provide economic and social benefits for the societies. However on the other hand, they leave harmful effects to the environment and they may cause health and safety threats for communities. Mismanaged industrial regions may cause air and water pollution, noise problems and industrial accidents. One of the main purposes of this investigation is to determine the heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Co, Mo and Ni) levels in the liver, thigh and chest tissues of the chickens bred around the cement factory in a residential area. It is determined that the heavy metal levels in the livers of poultries bred in these areas are quite high (P<0,01) and also in the heavy metal analyses performed, the values obtained from the samples taken from the egg, thigh and chest tissues of the poultries are specified as high (P<0,01).
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    Volatile organic compound profiles of yoghurt produced from cow's milk with different somatic cell counts
    (Wiley, 2020) Ivanov, Galin; Bilgucu, Ertugrul; Ivanova, Ivelina; Dimitrova, Milena
    The present study aimed to investigate the effect of somatic cell count (SCC) of raw cow's milk on the volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of yoghurt. Test yoghurt samples were produced from three batches of cow's milk with low, medium and high SCC, respectively. The VOCs were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A lower diacetyl and acetoin content and a higher content of 2-heptanone, and butanoic and hexanoic acids were established in the yoghurt samples from batches with high SCC of above 1 000 000 cells/cm(3). The increased SCC of cow's milk had a negative effect on the volatile organic compound profiles of yoghurt.