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    Boron-depleted geothermal water as an alternative irrigation source: Effects on the germination and nutritional composition of edible seed sprouts
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2025) Orhun, Gul Ebru; Bektas, Tijen Ennil; Orhun, Eda; Yilmaz, Damla
    This study aims to evaluate the usability of boron-depleted geothermal resources as irrigation water for the cultivation of seed sprouts intended for food consumption. Initially, high concentrations of boron in the Tuzla geothermal resources were reduced using cost-boron selective resin Resinex BR.1. Subsequently, the water obtained from this process was used to grow wheat, pea, and corn seed sprouts. The primary objective is to assess the impact of irrigation with boron-depleted geothermal water on germination properties, as well as on the nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of the sprouts. According to t-test results, almost all examined features showed significant differences (p < 0.01). Irrigation water with boron- depleted geothermal fluid containing less than 1 ppm boron resulted in a decrease in the germination rate of wheat and maize seeds compared to their control groups. But the water resulted in an increase on the germination rate of pea seeds compared to their control groups. Significant variations were observed in the responses of different species to this irrigation water. Ultimately, using boron-depleted geothermal fluid as irrigation positively affected the phenolic compounds, total phenolic content, and vitamin C levels in the sprouts, enhancing their nutritional value.
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    Effectiveness of Fly Ash in Boron Removal from Tuzla (Canakkale) Geothermal Fluid
    (Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2020) Sahin, Mehmet Oguzhan; Bektas, Tijen Ennil; Yucel, Deniz Sanliyuksel
    The heat accumulated in the inner parts of the earth's crust is transmitted to the fluid in the geothermal aquifer by means of transportation. The heated fluid is transported to the surface either by wells or naturally. Geothermal fluid carried from underground to the surface is used for electricity generation, residential and greenhouse heating, thermal therapy and tourism purposes. The geothermal fluid, whose energy is used, turns into wastewater. In this study, the geothermal fluid in Tuzla geothermal field in Canakkale Province was examined due to its high boron content (10.3 mg/L). It was aimed to remove boron from geothermal fluid by adsorption in order to prevent possible negative effects on the environment. Fly ash was collected from the fluidized bed combustion Can Thermal Power Plant. The specific surface area of the fly ash was 14.6 m(2)/g and the particle size was between 1.45 and 186 mu m. According to ASTM C618 standard, fly ash was classified as Class C. Fly ash was composed of anhydrite, lime, hematite, cristobalite, quartz, calcite and feldspar. The effects of various parameters, such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature, were examined to determine the optimum conditions for boron removal from geothermal fluid. The adsorption kinetics of boron was evaluated with respect to the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle kinetic models. The experimental data were modeled by Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models.