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Öğe An Example to the Highway-Landslides: Inecik Landslide (Tekirdag)(Istanbul Univ, Fac Letters, Dept Geography, 2006) Erginal, A. Evren; Bayrakdar, CihanThe Inecik Landslide on Tekirdag-Malkara E-5 highway at 22.7 km west of Tekirdag occurred as result of a northwestward rotational movement of the filling material, which covers the Yeni Muhacir Formation with high clay content. The spoon-shaped Inecik Landslide with 87 m length and 57 m width changed into a soil flow downward and progressed onto the agriculture areas. The total surface area and volume of the activated material were calculated 3544 m (2) and 42380 m (3), respectively. The landslide damaged the highway, some trees, a fountain and agriculture areas in part. In this study, this highway landslide is dealt with from geomorphological point of view by considering other well-known causative factors, such as climate, geology, topography, hydrology etc. Finally, future landslide potential in and around the sliding area is evaluated.Öğe Geomorphological investigation of the excavation-induced Dundar landslide, Bursa, Turkey(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2008) Erginal, Ahmet Evren; Turkes, Murat; Ertek, T. Ahmet; Baba, Alper; Bayrakdar, CihanThis paper discusses the occurrence and development of the excavation-induce deep-seated landslide, which took place near Dundar village, located west of Orhaneli town in northwestern Turkey. The event occurred in the Bursa-Orhaneli lignite field, which has been actively operating since 1979. Due to undermining of a gently inclined slope (10 degrees) to extract a coal seam, primary tension cracks, which were precursors of the movement, were first observed in the northern head area in mid- to late October 2003. This movement happened simultaneously with precipitation that was significantly above long-term average measured at a nearby climatology station (Keles). This precipitation amount is characterized statistically by a significant standardized anomaly of 1.6. The majority of the monthly precipitation total in October 2003, which mainly consisted of rain showers and thunderstorms, occurred in the last week of the month. By April 2004, rotational failure continued intermittently. After a relatively wet (rainy and snowy) period from January 2004 to April 2004, the main rotational slump occurred in late April 2004, causing the entire destruction of Dundar village's cemetery. Daily climatic and synoptic meteorological data have proved that heavy showers in late April may had triggered the last slump by producing rain showers of 19.3 mm and 19.9 mm daily total on 27 and 28 April 2004, respectively. Field observations carried out along the main head scarp have shown that the slope failure was facilitated by a pre-existing normal fault with an east- west direction and 80 degrees dip. Grain-size analysis showed that the failure occurred on clayey silt, which forms 55% of the slip surface material. Based on the evidence from X-ray fluorescence and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results, smectite-type clay - a product of the chemical weathering of tuff - was the main constituent of the slip surface material. The landslide occurred over an area of 600 m x 650 m with a total volume of 8775 000 m(3). Approximately 28 hectares of farm land were entirely destroyed and the excavated coal seam was buried. The mining operation was moved to 100 m north of the landslide area near Gumuspinar village. From morphological evidence, it is concluded that excavation activities caused the failure to extend in more than one direction as an enlarging sliding mechanism; this produced a high landslide risk for Gumuspinar village, where the most significant normal fault with a 75 m vertical displacement in a coal-bearing sequence is found in the lignite field.Öğe Karadağ’da Pleyistosen Buzullaşmaları, Batı Toroslar, Türkiye(2017) Bayrakdar, Cihan; Çılğın, Zeynel; Sarış, FaizeKaradağ, Teke Yarımadasında Beydağları, Akdağ ve Sandıras gibi Pleyistosen buzullaşmasına maruz kalmış dağlardan biridir. Karadağ, Fethiye Körfezi'nin hemen kuzeydoğusunda 30 km kuş uçuşu mesafede 2418 m zirveye ulaşır ve 2300 m üzerinde birçok yükseltiye sahiptir. Teke Yarımadasında Pleyistosen buzullaşmalarına uğramış dağlardan, Sandıras ve Akdağ ile ilgili buzul araştırmalarına ve buzullaşmaların yaşlandırmalarına yönelik çalışmalar varken, Beydağları'nda Pleyistosen buzullaşmalarından sadece çok genel hatları ile bahsedilmiş, Karadağ ile ilgili buzullaşma olgusu bilinmemekte, başka bir deyişle buzullardan bahseden hiçbir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Oysaki Karadağ yüksek zirve düzlüklerinin yamaçlarında belirgin sirk ve morenler barındırır. Yapılan arazi çalışmalarında, Karadağ'da iki gelişmiş buzul vadisi, farklı büyüklükte ve yönlerde gelişmiş üç tane sirk ve bunların önlerinde 1800 m seviyelerine inen cephe ve tümseksi (hummocky) morenleri gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile Türkiye'de yeni bir buzullaşma sahası tespit edilmiş ve Türkiye Buzullaşma Envanteri'ne katkı yapılmıştır. Yeni buzullaşma alanının jeomorfolojik, klimatolojik özelliklerini ortaya koymayı hedefleyen bu çalışmada; tektonik, klimatik ve karstik özellikler göz önüne alınarak Karadağ'da Pleyistosen'deki jeomorfolojik gelişimi açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Arazi çalışmaları, insansız hava aracı ve meteoroloji istasyonlarının verilerinden elde edilen mekânsal veriler coğrafi bilgi sistemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiş, sonuç harita ve çıktılar oluşturulmuşturÖğe Late pleistocene glacial history of Mount Karadag, SW Turkiye(Elsevier, 2024) Bayrakdar, Cihan; Cilgin, Zeynel; Saris, Faize; Yesilyurt, Serdar; Keserci, Ferhat; Buyukdeniz, Yusuf; Halis, OnurGlacial landforms in the southwestern part of the Anatolian Peninsula are found at lower elevations than the rest, suggesting that glaciers were present during the Late Pleistocene. Karadag, located west of the Western Taurus Mountains, provides evidence of the climatic conditions that facilitated this extensive glaciation. It is characterized by numerous peaks exceeding 2300 m above sea level (asl), with the highest peak reaching 2418 m, making it the region's largest glaciation area. This high mountain mass is composed mainly of limestone and dolomite. This study focuses on the glacial landforms in Karadag to reconstruct the Late Pleistocene glacial chronology and palaeoclimate of the Western Taurus Mountains. We employed detailed UAV photogrammetry, extensive fieldwork and mapping, surface exposure dating with cosmogenic 36Cl, meteorological measurements, palaeoglacier reconstruction, and palaeo-equilibrium line altitude (pELA) calculations. Karadag, a topographic barrier to humid air masses from the Mediterranean Sea, ranks as the second wettest area in the Western Taurus Mountains. At a meteorological station we installed in Karadag, an annual precipitation of 1700 mm or more was recorded, highlighting its significant precipitation. In Karadag, we have identified two glacial valleys with a maximum length of 4.5 km and six cirques. The glaciers reached their maximum extent around 22.4 f 2.8 ka during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), facilitated by the lowering of the pELA to 2090 m. During the LGM, the glaciers covered an area of approximately 3.5 km2 and reached a maximum thickness of about 140 m. Sample TRKR 10 at 2015 m probably belongs to the LGM period. Although a single sample does not conclude definitive conclusions, the presence of the moraine at its highest position indicates the maximum thickness of the glacier. Following the LGM, two more significant glacier advances occurred during the Lateglacial (15.5 f 2.7 ka) and the Younger Dryas (12.4 f 1.1 ka). During the late Pleistocene glaciations, and especially during the LGM, Karadag probably received more precipitation than today, leading to the formation of glaciers at relatively lower elevations than on the Anatolian Peninsula.Öğe Pleistocene Glaciations in Karadag, Western Taurus Mountains, Turkey(Tmmob Jeoloji Muhendisleri Odasi, 2017) Bayrakdar, Cihan; Cilgin, Zeynel; Saris, FaizeKaradag is one of the mountains subjected to the Pleistocene glaciations in the Teke Peninsula (Western Taurus) along with Beydaglari, Akdag, and Sandiras Mountains. Karadag, which reaches 2418 m summit at a 30 km straight distance from the northeast of Fethiye Bay, has many peaks over 2300 m. There are plenty of glacial researches and dating studies aim to reveal Pleistocene glaciation chronology of the mountains such as Sandiras and Akdag in the Teke Peninsula. On the other hand, glaciations in Beydaglari were mentioned superficially and in general terms. Lastly, there has not been known any glaciation phenomenon in Karadag, in other words there are not any studies concerning the glaciation on the mountain. However, Karadag has distinctive cirques and moraines on the slopes of high elevations near the peak. In this study, we identified glacial valleys, cirques developed in different sizes and aspects and lastly frontal and hummocky moraines in front of these cirques. They are descending to the elevation of 1800 m. With this study, a new glacial area was identified in Turkey and made a contribution to the glaciation inventory of Turkey. This study aims to reveal the geomorphological and climatological characteristics of this area with regard to tectonic, climatic and karstic characteristics during Pleistocene. Maps and relevant outputs were created and analyzed by geographic information systems using the spatial data obtained from the field studies, unmanned aerial vehicles and meteorological stations.
