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    Morphometric and Morphotectonic Characteristics of Sürgü and Çardak Faults (East Anatolian Fault Zone)
    (2021) Balkaya, Musa; Özden, Süha; Akyüz, H. Serdar
    Within the framework of this study, morphotectonic and structural characteristics of the Sürgü and Çardak faults, the northern branch of the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) between Çelikhan and Göksun, were investigated with scrutiny. Further, the results obtained with morphotectonic assessments supported and fortified with a thorough literature review and field studies; thereby, geological features of the region have been analyzed immaculately. The Sürgü and Çardak faults were mapped with special attention to the lithological, structural, and geomorphological features of the study area. Investigations along the Holocene river valleys along the approximately E–W trending Sürgü and Çardak faults evidently indicate that these faults represent sinistral active fault morphology. In terms of morphometric assessments, mountain front sinuosity (Smf), the Valley Floor Width-to-Valley Height ratio (Vf) and Stream Length-Gradient Index (SL) were employed along the mountain-piedmont junction and on the drainage network. Recorded Smf values range from 1.21 to 1.48, and average Vf rates are between 0.20 and 1.12, which typically indicate high tectonic activity for the Sürgü and Çardak faults. SL indice exercised along the 10 valleys in the study area, the recorded values vary between 5.8 and 1330.0; besides, the higher anomalies are recorded adjacent to the Sürgü and Çardak faults. Implemented morphotectonic investigations and evaluations indicate that the Sürgü and Çardak faults play a key role in the morphotectonic evolution of the region.
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    Paleoseismology of the Surgu and cardak faults-splays of the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkiye
    (TUBITAK, 2023) Balkaya, Musa; Akyüz, Hüsnü Serdar; Özden, Süha
    The sinistral East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) and the dextral North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) are two important strike-slip faults that delimit the boundaries of the Anatolian plate. The north-south directed compressional forces in eastern Türkiye trigger the westward escape of the Anatolian plate along these prominent structures. This study aims to reveal the earthquake history of the Sürgü and Çardak faults, which are important fault segments that splay from the EAFZ. In this context, overall, four paleoseismologic trenches were dug, two trenches on the Sürgü Fault and two trenches on the Çardak Fault. Along the Sürgü Fault, at least two paleoearthquake events have been determined on the trench walls, one event occurred around 3400 BCE and the second event happened between 2085 ± 65 BCE and 790 ± 20 BCE. Moreover, trenching results from the Çardak Fault indicate two surface rupturing paleoearthquakes between 10520 ± 95 BCE and 5780 ± 65 BCE, and between 3215 ± 125 BCE and 825 ± 55 CE, respectively. The focal mechanisms of important instrumental earthquakes around the Sürgü and Çardak faults on the EAFZ show that NNE-SSW trending compressional forces are actively dominating the tectonic setting of the region in the contemporary era. Paleoseismological investigations suggested that the Sürgü and Çardak faults have the potential to produce surface-rupturing earthquakes with an estimated magnitude of 7 or larger.
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    Sürgü ve Çardak faylarının (Doğu Anadolu fay zonu) morfotektonik ve paleosismolojik özellikleri
    (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2022) Balkaya, Musa; Özden, Süha; Akyüz, Hüsnü Serdar
    In this study, the morphotectonic and paleoseismological features of the Sürgü and Çardak faults, which form the section of the North Branch of the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone between Çelikhan and Göksun towns, were investigated. The Sürgü and Çardak faults were mapped as a result of the field studies, taking into account the lithological, structural and geomorphological features of the study area. Structural and morphological elements along the Sürgü and Çardak faults were examined with the field and office studies carried out within the scope of the thesis. As a result of the investigations and with the help of focal mechanism solutions of some earthquakes that occurred in the instrumental period in the study area; It has been observed that the Sürgü and Çardak faults are left-lateral strike-slip active faults. Within the scope of morphometric index calculations, Mountainfront Sinuosity (Smf) was calculated in front of the mountains in the study area. The Valley Floor Widthto-Valley Height ratio (Vf) and Stream Length - Gradient Index (SL) were calculated on the drainage network and basins in the study area. As a result of these analyzes, it was understood that the Sürgü and Çardak faults played an important role in the tectonic evolution of the region and shaped the morphology of the region. Within the scope of paleoseismological studies, a total of 6 trench works were carried out, 3 on the Sürgü Fault and 3 on the Çardak Fault. From the results of the trench work on the Sürgü Fault, it is understood that the fault produced at least two surface rupture earthquakes, one around 3350 BC and one between 790 ± 20 BC and 2085 ± 65 BC during the Holocene period. It has also been determined that Sürgü Fault has not produced an earthquake that has created a surface rupture in the last 500 years. From the 3 trench studies carried out on the Çardak Fault; It was concluded that the Çardak Fault produced at least one earthquake between 10580 ±95 BC and 5780 ±65 BC, and one more earthquake between 3215 ±125 BC and 825 ±55 AD.