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    A Review on Biosensors for Quantification of MCP-1 as a Potential Biomarker in Diseases
    (Wiley, 2025) Bahaabadi, Zahra Jamalizadeh; Javid-Naderi, Mohammad Javad; Kesharwani, Prashant; Karav, Sercan; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
    Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) as a chemokine is essential for inflammation-related processes. It regulates immunological responses and cell migration, which contribute to inflammation. Many disorders are exacerbated by this chemokine, which attracts or grows other inflammatory cells, including monocytes/macrophages, at the site of infection or tissue injury. The elevated concentrations of MCP-1 are associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and neuroinflammatory disease. Therefore, monitoring this inflammatory biomarker in the body has been recommended and strongly advised to make an accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Although MCP-1 is of great importance in disease processes, few biosensing approaches are specifically designed to detect this molecule. These are often electrochemical and optical techniques. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of inflammatory diseases by identifying biomarkers has had a great effect on the advancement of biosensors. Improved biosensor technology expansion prevents excessive prices and low sensitivity, enabling quick and correct diagnosis and tracking of disease processes. This review will concentrate on the biological functions of MCP-1, its significance in different disorders, and the features and applications of biosensors designed for MCP-1 detection and quantification.
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    Advances in Apolipoprotein-A4 Biosensing Assays for Depression Diagnosis
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2025) Bahaabadi, Zahra Jamalizadeh; Karav, Sercan; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
    Apolipoprotein-A4 (Apo-A4) is a plasma protein that plays a role in various physiological and behavioral-emotional reactions when faced with stress. Studies have shown a close relationship between Apo-A4 and the onset of depression and its symptoms. However, there is currently no reliable laboratory approach to confirm the diagnosis of depression. Therefore, the development of a precise and effective technique to assess Apo-A4 might help in the early detection and screening of depression and other related psychiatric diseases, as well as in tracking and managing the course of treatment. As technology advances, biosensors have become quick, accurate, and sensitive tools for personal care and illness diagnosis. Biosensors for measuring and detecting Apo-A4 levels have recently been designed. These studies emphasized the development of accurate and sensitive diagnostic and measurement techniques. This review attempts to give a general overview of the role of Apo-A4 in depression and introduce established biosensors for its detection and measurement.