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    Assessment of radioactive contaminants in by-products from Yatagan (Mugla, Turkey) coal-fired power plant
    (Springer-Verlag, 2002) Baba, A
    Coal-burning power plants in Turkey produce large quantities of coal-related wastes, which are collected through the use of various systems. Coal ash is presently accumulating in Turkey at a rate in excess of 10 million tons (t) annually. Roughly 1% of this is being used in a variety of products such as concrete, aggregate in stabilizing roadways, etc. When coal is burned, loss of material results in an increased concentration of most radionuclides found in the waste material. The object of this study is to analyze radiochemical element concentration of coal, bottom ash, and fly ash, and to evaluate the gross radium isotope activities in groundwaters around Yatagan Thermal Power Plant. The results show that the waste disposal site near the thermal power plant contains a major enhancement of radioactivity.
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    Effect of warfare waste on soil: a case study of Gallipoli Peninsula (Turkey)
    (Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2004) Baba, A; Deniz, O
    Gallipoli is a small town on the European side of the Dardanelles Strait, in Turkey. More than 450 000 soldiers gave their lives on the Gallipoli Peninsula (Gallipoli Campaign) over a nine-month period during World War I. In that war, many naval and landing bombs were exploded. The ingredients of these bombs may cause heavy metal contamination in soils. An environmental geochemical investigation has been carried out around Gallipoli Peninsula in order to determine the extent of chemical pollution in the soil. The preliminary data reveal that soils in the area are, in general, not contaminated. The concentrations of many heavy metals, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), strontium (Sr), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) are in the range of those of average agricultural soils. These low concentrations are explained by the good leaching characteristics of Oligocene-Miocene rocks, Pleistocene terrace material, alluvium sandy-silty soils, and surface run-off.
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    Environmental and exergetic aspects of geothermal energy
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2006) Baba, A; Ozgener, L; Hepbasli, A
    Geothermal energy is already in the form of heat, and from the thermodynamic point of view, work is more useful than heat because not all heat can be converted to work. Therefore, geothermal resources should be classified according to their exergy, which is a measure of their ability to do work. In recent years there has been a remarkable growth of interest in environmental issues-sustainability and improved management of development in harmony with the environment. Environmental impact assessment is one of the most widely used tools in environmental management. In this study, the environmental and exergetic aspects of geothermal energy, namely the rapid impact assessment matrix method, and, specific exergy index, were studied first. They were then applied to the Tuzla geothermal field in Canakkale and Balcova geothermal field in Izmir, Turkey, respectively. Finally, the results obtained are given and discussed.
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    Leaching characteristics of fly ash from thermal power plants of Soma and Tuncbilek, Turkey
    (Kluwer Academic Publ, 2004) Baba, A; Kaya, A
    Use of lignite in power generation has led to increasing environmental problems associated not only with gaseous emissions but also with the disposal of ash residues. In particular, use of low quality coal with high ash content results in huge quantities of fly ash to be disposed of. The main problem related to fly ash disposal is the heavy metal content of the residue. In this regard, experimental results of numerous studies indicate that toxic trace metals may leach when fly ash contacts water. In this study, fly ash samples obtained from thermal power plants, namely Soma and Tuncbilek, located at the west part of Turkey, were subjected to toxicity tests such as European Committee for standardization (CEN) and toxicity characteristic leaching (TCLP) procedures of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (U. S. EPA). The geochemical composition of the tested ash samples from the power plant show variations depending on the coal burned in the plants. Furthermore, the CEN and TCLP extraction results showed variations such that the ash samples were classified as 'toxic waste' based on TCLP result whereas they were classified as 'non-toxic' wastes based on CEN results, indicating test results are pH dependent.
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    Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) method for the tuzla geothermal and Can thermal power plant in Canakkale, Turkey
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2005) Baba, A
    Environmental impact assessment (EIA) work is becoming more and more extensive in the world. The environmental assessment process has to be differently defined in different countries. In fact, it appears that no two countries have defined it in exactly the same way. It is an aid to decision-making and the minimization or elimination of environmental impacts at an early planning stage. The EIA process is potentially a basis for negotiations between the developer, public interest groups and the planning regulator. The Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) method is based on a standard definition of the important assessment criteria as well as the means by which semiquantitative values for each of these criteria can be collected to provide an accurate and independent score for each condition. The impact of project activities is evaluated against the environmental components and for each component a score is determined, which provides a measure of the impact expected from the component. The RIAM method makes it possible to carry out a global analysis of the results based on the individual environmental score (ES) for each component, which is classified in ranges and so can be compared to each other. In this study, RIAM method was used for the Tuzla Geothermal and Can Thermal Power Plant in Canakkale. The most impacts are of class -B and there is a majority of positive impacts in Tuzla Geothermal Power Plant. No major negative impact has been identified by RIAM. Because of the geothermal fluid, physico-chemical effects are prominent in the study area. This power plant will cause positive impacts resulting from the sociological-cultural and economic-operational changes due to this power plant. Most impacts are of class -D in Can Thermal Power Plant. Because of the low quality coal, biological-ecological and physico-chemical effects are predominant in the study area. This power plant will cause positive impacts resulting from the sociological-cultural and economic-operational changes due to this power plant.
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    The effect of Yatagan thermal power plant (Mugla, Turkey) on the quality of surface and groundwaters
    (Kluwer Academic Publ, 2003) Baba, A; Kaya, A; Birsoy, YK
    Yatagan thermal power plant consumes annually 5.4 million tons of coal and the annual production capacity of the plant is 3.78 billion KWh. The thermal power plant uses 15000 tons of coal and discharges 5000 tons of fly and bottom ash daily to the disposal site. The waste is dumped using conveyer belts and pipes into a dam founded on metamorphic rocks. However, as the waste hills formed, the water level reached the karstic marbles that over lay schist. Water leaches through dried waste hills and karstic marbles, ultimately adversely affecting the quality of ground and surface waters. The concentrations of major and minor ions were determined on water samples taken at 2 points in the dam, 5 points in surface water and at 21 points in groundwater located in the vicinity of the waste disposal site, total of 28 samples, for three years. The chemical analyses revealed that the concentrations of Ca2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Sb2+ and SO42- in some samples exceed the Turkish Drinking Water, the U.S. EPA and WHO limits. Isotope analyses were carried out to determine the origins of waters, which showed that contamination is taking place in the vicinity of the waste disposal site.
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    The impact of an open waste disposal site on soil and groundwater pollution
    (Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2004) Baba, A; Kavdir, Y; Deniz, O
    A study has been carried out of a waste disposal site, located in the valley of a small creek, 3 km south of Canakkale city centre. The surface area of the site was around 10000 square metres, and the total amount of waste deposited at the site since 1990 was approximately 100000 tons. The major risks of the dump are its closeness to the university campus area to the south, the airport to the north, and residential areas encroaching towards the dump site. The nuisance caused by odour is high. The waste pile emplaced at the head of the tributary stream has caused channelling of the leachate to the creek, which is eventually washed towards the agricultural fields. The field investigation included surface geological, hydrogeochemical and geochemical studies. Water samples were collected at 11 points. Three observation wells were dug in front of the open waste disposal site. Soil samples from these observation wells were collected at 30, 70 and 150 cm depths, and some heavy metals were analysed. The concentrations of lead, copper and zinc in soil at the depth of 150 cm decreased with distance from the waste disposal site. Hydrogeochemical data analysis gave similar results.