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    Effect of stirrup spacing on strengthening beams with insufficient shear capacity using innovative mechanical steel stitches
    (Ernst & Sohn, 2025) Aksoylu, Ceyhun; Uysal, Yusuf; Basaran, Bogachan; Ozkilic, Yasin Onuralp; Arslan, Musa Hakan
    This study investigates experimentally and analytically the effect of stirrup spacing variation on the behavior of reinforced beams in the 45 degrees-inclined innovative mechanical steel stitches (MSSs) application for the strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with insufficient shear capacity. Within the scope of the experimental study, four-point loading tests were carried out under vertical loads by selecting stirrup spacing (250, 350, and 450 mm) and MSS spacing (d/3, d/2.5, d/2, d/1.7, and d/1.4) as variable parameters (d is effective depth of beam). In this context, a total of 12 beam specimens with dimensions of 125 x 250 x 2500 mm each with 250 and 450 mm stirrup spacing were produced, one reference specimen with each stirrup spacing and specimens reinforced with five different MSS spacings were tested; in addition, the test results of a reference beam with 350 mm stirrup spacing and beams reinforced with six different MSS spacings in the literature were used for comparison. Within the scope of the analytical study, the MSS spacing required for the beams to reach the flexural capacity was investigated by selecting the ratio of tensile reinforcement and the presence/absence of compressive reinforcement as variable parameters. In the study, the changes in failure mode, strength, ductility, stiffness, and energy consumption capacities of beams due to different stirrup and MSS spacings were analyzed. According to the experimental results obtained at the end of the study, it was observed that the reference beam with 250 mm stirrup spacing carried 32% and 35% more load than the reference beams with 350 and 450 mm spacing, respectively. Tightening the MSS up to 75 mm increased the shear capacity of beams with 450, 350, and 250 mm stirrup spacing up to 46.1%, 37.4%, and 23.5%, respectively. As the stirrup spacing of the reinforced beams decreased, the contribution of the MSS application to the shear capacity decreased. In addition, the failure mode of the beams changed from diagonal tension mode to splitting mode by increasing the MSS spacing. According to the analytical results, it was observed that MSS contributed more to the flexural capacity in beams with low longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and the performance of MSS was significantly improved in the absence of compression reinforcement.
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    Effects of shear wall ratio and location on Earthquake performance of reinforced concrete buildings having different ribbed slab configurations
    (Elsevier, 2025) Uysal, Yusuf; Serdar, Ali; Aksoylu, Ceyhun; Arslan, Musa Hakan
    This study investigates the earthquake performance of reinforced concrete buildings designed with ribbed slab system. Analyses were performed on hypothetical models representing residential buildings in Gaziantep/Islahiye region. In this study, a total of 18 shear wall-frame structure models with three different shear wall placements in accordance with TBEC-2018 were analyzed. Wall density index (0.003, 0.005 and 0.008), shear wall locations defined as M1 (vertically placed on the outer axes), M2 (center-mounted), and M3 (parallel to the outer axes), and ribbed slab placements (parallel and staggered) are considered as variable parameters. The seismic performance of the structures was evaluated using linear and nonlinear analyses. Nonlinear static pushover analyses were used to compare capacity curves, overstrength factor, interstory drift ratios, base shear forces, overturning moments, and second-order effects for each model. As the wall density index increased from 0.003 (%25) to 0.008 (%75), the initial stiffness increased by 158 %, but this increase decreased the plastic deformation capacity and modal displacement values. Models M1 and M3 with walls positioned on the outer axes provided 20.53 % more load carrying capacity than Model M2 with the central wall. The uncracked section shell exhibited 19 %-83 % stiffer behavior, while the cracked sections absorbed more energy. No significant effect of the slab rib arrangement (parallel/staggered) on the stiffness and period was observed. As the shear wall ratio increased, the torsional period decreased by up to 55 %, and the highest torsional strength was achieved in Model M3. Low shear wall ratio models exceeded code drift limits and showed increased interstory drift differences. The results showed that shear wall placement and ratios are critical to seismic performance, and that TBEC-2018 effectively enhances safety in ribbed slab systems.
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    Effects of the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquake on structures in Kahramanmaraş city
    (Springer, 2024) Avcıl, Fatih; Işık, Ercan; İzol, Rabia; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Arkan, Enes; Arslan, Musa Hakan; Aksoylu, Ceyhun
    Large-scale loss of life and property occurred in Kahramanmaras and its districts, which are the city center where the epicenters of the earthquake couples that occurred on February 6, 2023, in Turkiye. Major damage has occurred in different structural systems due to the earthquake. In addition, fault traces that are the source of the earthquake were clearly observed on the ground surface. In this study, the effects of both earthquakes on soil, reinforced concrete, masonry, prefabricated, and other structural systems were evaluated observationally in Kahramanmaras and its districts. Comparisons were made on the last two earthquake maps used in Turkiye for the locations of strong ground motion measuring devices in Kahramanmaras. The masonry structures, which are common in rural areas in the epicenter, have been heavily damaged because they have not received engineering service. However, it is seen that the concrete buildings have insufficient strength and ductility. A similar situation is also present in industrial precast structures, and it has been observed that the damaged and collapsed in these structures are manufactured without complying with the type connection details given for prefabricated reinforced concrete structures in the codes. It has also been observed that the soil-structure interaction is the most determining parameter in the structure's performance in these earthquake couples. Especially in weak soils, the damage to the structures has been quite heavy. The field data obtained from the earthquakes showed that some of the conditions of the current earthquake code should be discussed again.
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    Seismic performance of masonry structures after 06 February 2023 earthquakes; site survey and FE modelling approach
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) İzol, Rabia; Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; Arslan, Musa Hakan; Arkan, Enes; Büyüksaraç, Aydın
    The Kahramanmaras, earthquake couple, which took place on February 6, 2023, is one of the biggest disasters T & uuml;rkiye has encountered in the instrumental period. While the effects of these earthquakes were felt primarily in 11 different provinces, they also caused significant effects in many other provinces. These two independent earthquakes of magnitude 7.7 and 7.6, which are rare in the history of literature, occurred 9 h apart and caused more structural damage. Serious losses of life and property occurred in Kahramanmaras,, the epicenter of both earthquakes. In this study, structural damages on masonry buildings in rural areas of Kahramanmaras, province are examined in detail within the framework of the cause-effect relationship. Different building samples are evaluated for each damage situation. In addition, nonlinear time history analyses were performed on a sample structure and the damage was examined in detail. In general, these structures, which do not receive engineering services, exhibit typical masonry structure damage as in other earthquakes. This study provides information about the behavior of such buildings under earthquake loads and emphasizes the importance of receiving the necessary engineering services for these structures.
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    Shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with a 45° inclined MSS technique: Parametric study of shear Span-to-depth ratio and beam height
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2025) Aksoylu, Ceyhun; Baş, Fadimana; Uysal, Yusuf; Basaran, Bogachan; Arslan, Musa Hakan; Özkılıç, Yasin Onuralp
    Current methods for strengthening reinforced concrete beams with insufficient shear capacity have structural and practical limitations. This study experimentally investigated the performance of a 45° inclined Mechanical Steel Stitches (MSS) technique under four-point loading. 17 beams (3 reference, 14 strengthened) with shear span-to-depth ratios (av/d = 2.5, 3.3, 4.9) and section heights (250, 360 mm) were tested, while a group with av/d = 3.3 and 250 mm height was adopted from the literature for comparison. Beams were evaluated in terms of maximum load, displacement, energy dissipation, stiffness, ductility, and failure modes. Results showed that MSS was highly effective, particularly at low av/d ratios. The maximum capacity increase reached 86.2% for av/d = 2.5, decreasing to 50.6% at av/d = 3.3 and 14.9% at av/d = 4.9, where diagonal cracks intersecting MSS anchor holes limited the contribution. The optimum MSS spacings were determined as d/2.5 for av/d = 2.5 and d/5 for av/d = 3.3 and 4.9. Increasing beam height from 250 to 360 mm reduced MSS effectiveness by 5.4–27.5%. All reference beams failed in brittle diagonal tension, while strengthened beams exhibited splitting (43%) or combined diagonal tension–splitting (29%). Decreasing MSS spacing shifted failure from diagonal tension to splitting. Overall, the inclined MSS technique proved effective and practical for strengthening shear-deficient beams, offering guidance for design and application. © 2025 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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    Shear strengthening of sub-standard reinforced concrete beams with CFRP: Influence of fiber areal weight, wrap scheme and concrete strength
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2025) Alav, Deniz Sari; Uysal, Yusuf; Aksoylu, Ceyhun; Arslan, Musa Hakan
    This study investigates the effectiveness of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) in enhancing the performance of reinforced concrete beams with insufficient shear reinforcement-a common issue in existing low- and highstrength reinforced concrete buildings. A total of 35 one-third scale beams were tested under four-point bending, considering varying concrete strengths (5-70 MPa), CFRP areal weights (300 and 900 g/m2), and wrapping configurations (full (F), U-shaped (U), and side (S)). Key parameters such as load-displacement behavior, energy dissipation, ductility, and stiffness were analyzed in detail. The results demonstrated that CFRP strengthening increased shear capacity by up to 154 % in low-strength concrete (5-20 MPa), while the improvement was limited to 47.2 % in high-strength concrete. Failure modes were significantly influenced by wrapping type: full wrapping led to a 90 % shift from shear to flexural failure, whereas U-shaped and side wrapping achieved only 40 % and 10 % conversion, respectively. Full wrapping also yielded the highest gains in energy dissipation and ductility, while side wrapping alone was largely ineffective. Interestingly, increasing CFRP areal weight did not result in proportional performance gains; in many cases, the 300 g/m2 application outperformed the 900 g/m2 variant. This suggests that poor interfacial bonding and inadequate epoxy impregnation may hinder the effectiveness of higher areal weight configurations. In conclusion, concrete strength, wrapping type, and CFRP areal weight must be considered collectively in shear strengthening strategies. Among these, full wrapping offers the most consistent and reliable improvements in shear capacity, ductility. and energy dissipation.