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Öğe Comparative Analysis of Target Displacements in RC Buildings for 2023 Türkiye Earthquakes(MDPI, 2025) Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Arkan, EnesThe Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquake on 6 February 2023, one of the largest earthquakes of the century, caused the collapse or severe damage of thousands of structures. This catastrophic disaster resulted in over 53,000 fatalities and rendered many structures unusable. This study addresses the observed damage in reinforced concrete (RC) structures, which constituted the majority of the existing urban building stock. In this study, firstly, information about the destructive Kahramanmaraş earthquakes was given. The predicted PGAs in the last two earthquake hazard maps used in Türkiye were compared with the measured PGAs from actual earthquakes to determine whether the earthquake hazard is adequately represented for eleven affected provinces in the earthquake region. The damages in RC structures were evaluated within the scope of civil and earthquake engineering. Structural analyses for the model created to represent mid-rise RC buildings in the region were carried out separately for each province using predicted and measured PGAs. Additionally, target displacements that were used in performance-based earthquake engineering for damage prediction, were examined comparatively for all provinces. While the predicted earthquake hazard and targeted displacements were exceeded in some provinces, there was no exceedance in the other provinces. The realistic representation of earthquake hazards will allow the predicted displacements for various performance levels of structures to be determined in a much more realistic way. Consequently, the performance levels predicted for the structures will be assessed with greater accuracy. The study highlights the importance of accurately presenting earthquake hazards to predict building performance effectively.Öğe Comparison of Seismic and Structural Parameters of Settlements in the East Anatolian Fault Zone in Light of the 6 February Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes(Mdpi, 2024) Işık, Ercan; Hadzima-Nyarko, Marijana; Avcıl, Fatih; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Arkan, Enes; Alkan, Hamdi; Harirchian, EhsanOn 6 February 2023, two very large destructive earthquakes occurred in the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), one of Türkiye's primary tectonic members. The fact that these earthquakes occurred on the same day and in the same region increased the extent of the destruction. Within the scope of this study, twenty different settlements affected by earthquakes and located directly on the EAFZ were taken into consideration. Significant destruction and structural failure at different levels were induced in reinforced concrete (RC) structures, the dominant urban building stock in these regions. To determine whether the earthquake hazard is adequately represented, the PGA values predicted in the last two earthquake hazard maps used in Türkiye for these settlements were compared with the measured PGAs from actual earthquakes. Subsequently, the damage to reinforced concrete structures in these settlements was evaluated within the scope of construction and earthquake engineering. In the final part of the study, static pushover analyses were performed on a selected example of a reinforced concrete building model, and target displacement values for different performance levels were determined separately for each earthquake. For the 20 different settlements considered, the displacements were also derived based on the values predicted in the last two earthquake hazard maps, and comparisons were made. While the target displacements were exceeded in some settlements, there was no exceedance in the other settlements. The realistic presentation of earthquake hazards will enable the mentioned displacements predicted for different performance levels of structures to be determined in a much more realistic manner. As a result, the performance grades predicted for the structures will be estimated more accurately.Öğe Damage evaluation of masonry buildings during Kahramanmaras (Turkiye) earthquakes on February 06, 2023(Techno-Press, 2023) Isik, Ercan; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Avcil, Fatih; Arkan, Enes; Aydin, M. Cihan; Ulu, Ali EmreThe Mw=7.7 (Pazarcik-Kahramanmaras) and Mw=7.6 (Elbistan-Kahramanmaras) earthquakes that occurred in Turkiye on 06.02.2023 with 9 hours' intervals, caused great losses of life and property as the biggest catastrophe in the instrumental period. The earthquakes affecting an area of 14% of the country were enormous and caused a great deal of loss of life and damage. Numerous buildings have collapsed or damaged at different levels, both in the city centers and in rural areas. Within the scope of this study, masonry structure damage built from different types of materials in the earthquake region was taken into consideration. In this study, the damage and causes of such masonry structures that do not generally receive engineering services were examined and explained in detail. Insufficient interlocking between wall-wall and wall-roof, inadequate masonry, lack of horizontal and vertical bond beams, usage of low-strength materials, poor workmanship, and heavy earthen roof are commonly caused to structural damages. Separation at the corner point and out-of-plane mechanism in structural walls, and heavy earthen roof damages are common types of damage in masonry structures.Öğe Effects of the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquake on structures in Kahramanmaraş city(Springer, 2024) Avcıl, Fatih; Işık, Ercan; İzol, Rabia; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Arkan, Enes; Arslan, Musa Hakan; Aksoylu, CeyhunLarge-scale loss of life and property occurred in Kahramanmaras and its districts, which are the city center where the epicenters of the earthquake couples that occurred on February 6, 2023, in Turkiye. Major damage has occurred in different structural systems due to the earthquake. In addition, fault traces that are the source of the earthquake were clearly observed on the ground surface. In this study, the effects of both earthquakes on soil, reinforced concrete, masonry, prefabricated, and other structural systems were evaluated observationally in Kahramanmaras and its districts. Comparisons were made on the last two earthquake maps used in Turkiye for the locations of strong ground motion measuring devices in Kahramanmaras. The masonry structures, which are common in rural areas in the epicenter, have been heavily damaged because they have not received engineering service. However, it is seen that the concrete buildings have insufficient strength and ductility. A similar situation is also present in industrial precast structures, and it has been observed that the damaged and collapsed in these structures are manufactured without complying with the type connection details given for prefabricated reinforced concrete structures in the codes. It has also been observed that the soil-structure interaction is the most determining parameter in the structure's performance in these earthquake couples. Especially in weak soils, the damage to the structures has been quite heavy. The field data obtained from the earthquakes showed that some of the conditions of the current earthquake code should be discussed again.Öğe Failures in Reinforced-Concrete Columns and Proposals for Reinforcement Solutions: Insights from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes(MDPI, 2025) Işık, Ercan; Radu, Dorin; Harirchian, Ehsan; Avcıl, Fatih; Arkan, Enes; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Hadzima-Nyarko, MarijanaTürkiye, a country that suffers significant structural damage from earthquakes, was struck by two major quakes on 6 February 2023, centered in Pazarcık (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) in Kahramanmaraş. These earthquakes caused extensive damage and destruction to urban concrete structures, significantly contributing to the loss of life. Inadequate designs in columns, which are meant to maintain structural integrity and transfer forces, were a primary cause of the structural damage. This study provides information about these catastrophic earthquakes, focusing on the detailed examination of damages in reinforced-concrete (RC) columns. Structural analyses were conducted on a selected RC building, taking into account the primary causes of column damage: low-strength concrete and insufficient transverse reinforcement. Five different concrete classes and two transverse reinforcement spacing options were considered to analyze the impact of concrete strength. To address the exceeded shear forces in the columns, a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapping method was employed for strengthening. Initially, a reinforcement analysis was performed on a single column that exceeded shear force limits, followed by strengthening applications on all columns exceeding the limit shear force. The results demonstrated that carbon fibers have a significant impact on the shear forces in columns. The conclusion of the research is that FRP increases the ductility of concrete columns, enabling them to withstand seismic forces more effectively. This is vital in ensuring the integrity of structures in earthquake-prone areas. Using FRP materials can also significantly reduce the carbon footprint associated with concrete construction by minimizing the need for maintenance and extending the lifespan of structures. FRP presents a sustainable and effective solution for addressing failures in reinforced concrete columns. Its unique properties not only enhance strength and durability but also significantly improve the resilience of structures against corrosion, seismic events, and overload conditions.Öğe Field Reconnaissance and Earthquake Vulnerability of the RC Buildings in Adıyaman during 2023 Türkiye Earthquakes(Mdpi, 2024) Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; İzol, Rabia; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Bilgin, Hüseyin; Harirchian, Ehsan; Arkan, EnesThe 6th February 2023 Pazarcik and Elbistan earthquakes (Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6) caused great destruction in many cities and were the disaster of the century for Turkiye. The greatest destruction was caused in the provinces of Hatay, Kahramanmaras, and Adiyaman during these earthquakes, which were independent of each other and occurred on the same day. Information about earthquakes and strong ground motion records is given within the scope of this study. Reinforced concrete (RC) structures which constitute a large part of the urban building stock in the earthquake region were exposed to structural damage at different levels. The structural damage in the RC structures in the city center, Golbasi, and Kahta districts of the province of Adiyaman was evaluated within the scope of earthquake and civil engineering after field investigations. Insufficient RC, low-strength concrete reinforcement problems, RC frame failure, heavy overhang, short columns, soft story, and pounding effect are the main causes of the earthquake damage. The presence of these factors that reduce the earthquake resistance of RC structures increased the damage level. In addition, the fact that the earthquakes occurred nine hours apart and the continuation of aftershocks during that period negatively affected the damage levels. It has been observed that structures that receive the necessary engineering services during the construction and project phases ensure the safety of life and property, even if the structure is slightly damaged. In this study, we also tried to reveal whether the target displacements were satisfactorily represented by numerical analysis for a sample RC structure.Öğe Geotechnical and Structural Damages Caused by the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes in Gölbaşı (Adıyaman)(Mdpi, 2024) Akar, Fahriye; Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Arkan, Enes; İzol, RabiaOn 6 February 2023, two independent earthquake pairs on the East Anatolian Fault Zone, with epicenters in Pazarcik (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) districts of Kahramanmaras province, caused great destruction. Adiyaman and Golbasi districts of this city are among the settlements most affected by the earthquake. Especially in the district where geotechnical damages are most observed, the destructive effects of earthquakes have been clearly observed in buildings with different structural systems. In this study, information is given about the earthquakes that hit the region and the fault zone where the earthquakes occur. Geotechnical and structural damages occurring in the villages and center of the district were evaluated within the scope of earthquakes and structural engineering. It can be stated that damages observed in the district center are generally caused by soil-structure interaction problems. The fact that masonry structures, which are widely used in rural areas, do not benefit from any engineering services has an impact on the level of damage. The main reason for the damages occurring in the reinforced concrete structures in the district is the reinforced concrete system that is not designed properly or not built in accordance with the design. This case study demonstrated the importance of earthquake-soil-structure interactions in line with earthquake-resistant building design principles.Öğe Impact of Local Soil Conditions on the Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Structures: In the Context of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes(MDPI, 2025) Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Arkan, Enes; Harirchian, EhsanDevastating earthquakes around the world highlight the crucial need to understand the seismic performance of structures. Local soil conditions are among the most significant factors influencing a structure's seismic behavior. Earthquake-soil-structure interactions directly affect seismic damage levels. In performance-based earthquake engineering, accurate target displacements enable a more realistic estimation of the expected performance levels for structures. This depends on obtaining realistic local soil conditions. This study conducted structural analyses on seven different variables, considering four different local soil conditions specified in Eurocode 8. The variables selected were importance class, peak ground acceleration (PGA), damping ratio, ground storey height, frame openings, number of storeys, and storey height, applied to a symmetrical and regular reinforced concrete structure. Period, base shear, stiffness, and target displacements were obtained for each variable through pushover analyses for the four various local soil conditions. All structural results were compared with one another and with other variables. This paper also aimed to reveal the effect of local soil conditions in the context of the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmara & scedil; (T & uuml;rkiye) earthquakes. The study confirms that variations in soil types, as classified in Eurocode 8, have a major impact on the seismic behavior of reinforced-concrete structures. Weaker soils amplify seismic effects, increasing target displacements and structural vulnerability.Öğe Seismic Damages in Masonry Structural Walls and Solution Suggestions(Akademik Perspektif Derneği, 2023) Arkan, Enes; Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; İzol, Rabia; Büyüksaraç, AydınMasonry structures are known as an ancient construction technology with a history dating back thousands of years. The main load-bearing members of masonry structures are walls obtained using different materials. These walls, which serve both load-bearing functions and are used to separate spaces, can be thick because they generally have low-strength properties. Masonry structures, which are commonly found in rural areas, are sensitive to earthquake effects and can receive damage at different levels. These masonry buildings, which were generally constructed without any engineering services, were exposed to significant damage under the influence of the Kahramanmaraş earthquake couple that occurred on February 6, 2023. This study examined the damage to the load-bearing walls of masonry buildings in the regions affected by this earthquake couple with the framework of cause-effect relationships and offered solutions. Poor masonry workmanship, insufficient use of horizontal/vertical bond beams, use of different wall materials together, heavy earthen roof effect, insufficient corner joints, amount of gaps, and use of low strength mortar have been determined as the main reasons for the damage occurring in masonry load-bearing walls. Performing earthquake-resistant building design principles is critical to minimizing such damage.Öğe Seismic Performance and Failure Mechanisms of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subject to the Earthquakes in Türkiye(Mdpi, 2024) Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; Hadzima-Nyarko, Marijana; Izol, Rabia; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Arkan, Enes; Radu, DorinMany reinforced-concrete structures collapsed or were seriously damaged in the 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes that occurred in southern T & uuml;rkiye on 6 February 2023. The recorded peak ground accelerations were quite high (2.2 g) and the recorded motions' elastic acceleration response spectra were significantly greater than the elastic design spectra given by the most recent Turkish seismic design code. A total of 518,000 houses were heavily damaged or collapsed in the eleven cities affected by the earthquake. More than 53,000 people lost their lives and over 100,000 people were injured, the majority of these injurits caused by the collapse of reinforced concrete structures. Post-earthquake damage assessments are important in the context of applying sustainability principles to building design and construction. In this study, post-earthquake damage assesments and evaluations were made for the reinforced-concrete structures that were exposed to destruction or various structural damage in Hatay, Kahramanmara & scedil; and Ad & imath;yaman, which where most affected after the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes. The RC building damage and failure mechanisms resulting from field observations were evaluated in detail from a broad performance-based structural and earthquake engineering perspective. Information about Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes is given briefly. Design spectra and spectral accelerations were compared for the earthquake stations in these three provinces. Soft/weak story, short column, insufficiently reinforced-concrete, and poor workmanship are the primary causes of structural damage, which cause earthquake weaknesses in these buildings.Öğe Seismic performance of masonry structures after 06 February 2023 earthquakes; site survey and FE modelling approach(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) İzol, Rabia; Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; Arslan, Musa Hakan; Arkan, Enes; Büyüksaraç, AydınThe Kahramanmaras, earthquake couple, which took place on February 6, 2023, is one of the biggest disasters T & uuml;rkiye has encountered in the instrumental period. While the effects of these earthquakes were felt primarily in 11 different provinces, they also caused significant effects in many other provinces. These two independent earthquakes of magnitude 7.7 and 7.6, which are rare in the history of literature, occurred 9 h apart and caused more structural damage. Serious losses of life and property occurred in Kahramanmaras,, the epicenter of both earthquakes. In this study, structural damages on masonry buildings in rural areas of Kahramanmaras, province are examined in detail within the framework of the cause-effect relationship. Different building samples are evaluated for each damage situation. In addition, nonlinear time history analyses were performed on a sample structure and the damage was examined in detail. In general, these structures, which do not receive engineering services, exhibit typical masonry structure damage as in other earthquakes. This study provides information about the behavior of such buildings under earthquake loads and emphasizes the importance of receiving the necessary engineering services for these structures.Öğe Seismic Performance of RC Structures in Pazarcık and Elbistan During the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Avcıl, Fatih; Işık, Ercan; Arkan, Enes; İzol, Rabia; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Aydın, MCihan; Ulu, Ali EmreOn Monday, February 6th, 2023, at 04:17 and 13:24 local time, two very severe shallow earthquakes with magnitudes Mw = 7.7 and 7.6 occurred, with epicenters in Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık and Kahramanmaraş-Elbistan. Due to the strong ground motion effect during these earthquakes, many people lost their lives and great economic losses occurred due to the destruction and damage to buildings in eleven different provinces and surrounding regions. In this study, the seismic performances of structures with various structural systems located in the Pazarcık and Elbistan districts of Kahramanmaraş city, which are the epicenters of these earthquakes, were evaluated as a result of field observations. Structural failures in the earthquake epicenters’ urban and rural building stocks directly affected the damage's extent. Structural damages occurring in both district centers and rural areas of the districts were investigated within the scope of earthquake and civil engineering. The main causes of damaged concrete structures are irregularities and insufficient reinforced concrete. The significance of earthquake-resistant structure design principles and irregularity-free structures has again become clear. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.Öğe Seismic Performances of Masonry Educational Buildings during the 2023 Türkiye (Kahramanmaraş) Earthquakes(Mdpi, 2024) Işık, Ercan; Bilgin, Hüseyin; Avcıl, Fatih; İzol, Rabia; Arkan, Enes; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Harirchian, EhsanHuge losses of life and property occurred as a result of two independent catastrophic earthquakes on 6 February 2023 in the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone, where no significant earthquake has occurred in approximately 500 years. The earthquakes, whose epicenters were in the Pazarc & imath;k and Elbistan districts of Kahramanmara & scedil; province at 9 h intervals, had magnitudes of Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6 and caused different levels of structural damage, especially in masonry-style structures in rural areas. In this study, the damage that occurred in masonry village schools, especially in rural areas, during these two earthquakes was evaluated in terms of the characteristics of the earthquake and within the scope of civil engineering, and the causes of the damage were discussed. The damage levels of the masonry schools examined were classified using the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98). Information about the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes was given and structural analyses were carried out for a widely used reference school building. The school building block was analytically modeled, and its seismic load-bearing capacities were predicted through pushover analysis in TREMURI software. The study also includes repair and strengthening recommendations for such structures.Öğe Structural damage evaluation of mosques and minarets in Adiyaman due to the 06 February 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquakes(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Isik, Ercan; Avcil, Fatih; Arkan, Enes; Buyuksarac, Aydin; Izol, Rabia; Topalan, MustafaThis paper evaluates the failures of masonry and RC minarets and mosques during the February 06, 2023, Kahramanmaras, earthquakes. Two big independent earthquakes (Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6), which can be called the disaster of the century for Turkey and occurred at nine-hour intervals, caused a lot of loss of life and destruction in the region where approximately 16% of the country's population lived. It has been observed that the accelerations obtained from many stations exceed the response spectrum values predicted by the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC). Numerous aftershocks occurred after the earthquakes. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the field and evaluate the structural damages of 27 different mosques and minarets in Adiyaman province, which is one of the provinces with significant losses after these earthquakes and is located on the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). Significant structural damage and total collapses occurred in mosques and minarets, which were built in masonry and reinforced concrete style, as in other types of structures. However, due to the occurrence time of the earthquakes, no loss of life caused by these structures was experienced. Very few of the mosques and minarets examined in this study behaved like earthquake-resistant structures without any damage. As a result of the field investigations, the main reason for the damages in such structures is that they were built by local masters without any engineering service.
